Compare and Contrast Marr and Nishihara’s and Biederman’s...

Option 2 Compare and contrast Marr and Nishihara’s and Biederman’s theories of object recognition. How well do they explain how we are able to recognize three dimensional objects despite changes in viewing angle? Humphreys and Bruce (1989) proposed a model of object recognition that fits a wider context of cognition. According to them, the recognition of objects occurs in a series of stages. First, sensory input is generated, leading to perceptual classification, where the information is compared with previously stored descriptions of objects. Then, the object is recognized and can be semantically classified and subsequently named. This approach is, however, over-simplified. Other theories like Marr and Nishihara’s and Biederman’s†¦show more content†¦This description is then matched against those stored in memory. According to Biedermann, geons are detected on the basis of non-accidental properties such as collinearity, symmetry and parallelism. Like Marr and Nishihara, Biedermann sustains that primitives are invariant under changes in viewpoint. Similarly, both theories are supported by research. Lawson and Humphreys (1996), for example, showed that recognition is affected more by tilt of major axis (foreshortening) than any other rotation, which endorses Marr’s and Nishihara prediction that establishing a central axis is crucial to the process of recognition. Warrington and Taylor (1978) reported that brain damaged patients could recognize objects presented in a typical view only. These patients found difficult to say if two photographs presented simultaneously were the same object when one image was a typical view and the other an unusual view. Although this could be explained as the patient’s inability to transform a 2D version of the atypical view into a 3D model, it could also be due to difficulty in establishing the central axis or due to some features of the object being hidden. In a later study, Humphreys and Riddoch (1984) used images where either the axis had been foreshortened through rotation or a c ritical feature was hidden. They found that patients had more problems recognizing the images with a foreshortened axis than the ones where a critical feature was hidden. Their

How Bangladesh is affected by flooding Free Essays

Flooding is a huge problem for the people in Bangladesh and the problems continue to have negative and positive effects on the people, property and land/environment. The negatives of flooding; There are many different types of floods that Bangladesh suffers from and these are; flash floods; where there is an extreme amount of rainfall effecting both upland areas and over time low land areas. This type of flood has a huge affect on property as it can wash it away completely destroying it and also flooding crops and killing them, this type of flooding will also deposit lots of sediment so the river bed will rise making the river easier to flood. We will write a custom essay sample on How Bangladesh is affected by flooding or any similar topic only for you Order Now River floods are where high amounts of rain and melted snow from the Himalayas completely flood the river and also the floodplain, the water can not be contained so flows over lands which is usually not protected, this again damages crops by flooding them and also ruining the land for future use as farm land. This type of flooding will also damage or even destroy property and in extreme cases entire settlements which in turn will also kill people if they do not evacuate quick enough. Rainwater floods are where there are again extreme amounts of rainfall and there is too much surface water and land is flooded. This can kill cattle, people and destroy farmland and crops which people need for their livelihoods. For example of crop destruction, in 1987 and 1988 rice production on a country scale was largely disrupted due to extreme floods. Even if engineering is successful and floods are controlled there is the negative effects that the country gets further into debt and a lot of the flood controls do not fit in with the natural environment so is an eye sore. Methods of flood control also effect farming in certain areas as they block irrigation of water so many farmers are complaining as they are not getting the water needed to grow crops for their livelihood. The worst effected areas of flooding are the coast as many people live here and this is where flooding is most extensive, many people are killed damage to property and farm land is huge so this disrupts the local economy. In the floods of 1991 flooding was that hard that waves were 7 metres high and this brought wind speeds of 225 km/h. people had to climb trees to evade the floods but over 150 000 people were drowned and 500 000 cattle were lost along with vast damage to settlements, electricity, roads and fishing. Deforestation is another big factor that is negative as this destroys trees that are vital for the world and also does not allow interception to occur so the snow melting from the Himalayas is coming directly to Bangladesh with nothing sopping it. As there is little knowledge and little communication available people can not prepare and are defenceless. With the vast amounts of chemicals and diseases in the Ganges, flooding just spreads this all around the country contaminating drinking water and brings huge problems that need huge amount of medical care so calls for the worlds charities to help. You can read also Waves There are very little positive effects of flooding as floods bring so much destruction. The positives though are; due to vast amounts of deposition the silt that is deposited is high in fertility so ‘repairs’ the soil so can be used in the future making it good for crops to grow in. also the vast amounts of water, when controlled can be irrigated for the crops rice and jute which require a large amount of water to grow. This in turn helps re – boost the local economy and gets the farmers back to their usual livelihood. Finally in cases of extreme flooding where the world is made aware, it can show the kindness of countries by the help they donate and the medical care made available to help restore the country to normal. Although there will always be social, economic, and humane problems with flooding the key is for the country to recover as quick as possible with the least effects and damage done to the country and its people. How to cite How Bangladesh is affected by flooding, Papers

Information Resources Management

Question: Provide an overview of how your selected company uses these information resources to build their marketing decision support systems and customer relationship management (CRM) environment. Answer: Domestic and International presence of Kelloggs Company Kelloggs Company is a huge public company selling wide array of cereal, frozen foods, snacks and particularly famous for its product Kelloggs cornflakes. The company operates in more than 180 countries across the globe. In May 2012, the brand grew larger with their acquisition of principle business from Procter and Gamble. While in September, the Kelloggs company expand their global footprint by the announcement of their joint venture with Wilmar International Ltd at China (Che, 2014). The acquisition of Kelloggs with the Russian company United Bakery significantly boosted the companys presence in Eastern Europe. In addition, Kelloggs has also entered small-acquisition with Shandong Navigable food company Ltd at China to serve its purpose to broaden its consumer base in the emerging market.The key acquisition of kelloggs in the domestic market in US include IndyBake products LLC, Brownie products company, Cookie Co. Mothers Cake, Bear Naked Inc takes place over a period of 2006-2010 has significantly increased the companys presence in the domestic market. Companys vision and execution of strategy The vision of Kelloggs company is to delight and enrich the world through its food and development of brand image on this legacy. The company aims to nourish families and children so that they can thrive and lead a healthy life. Kellogg Company significantly focus on developing products that are grain-based and compact of essential nutrients (Gaviria, 2012). The healthy initiatives by Kelloggs are an effective strategy that intensify its brand image and encourage customers buy their products. The execution of strategy by Kelloggs is done through its corporate social responsibility and development of business in a responsible manner that is sensitive to all the needs of its consumers (Bakir, 2014). Moreover, the company implement Blue Ocean strategy and its execution considers the following: Product innovation to develop and capture new demand and target market Target distinctive market segment i.e. focus on health conscious consumers Emphasize on constant increase in market share through acquisition with small and large size companies. Kelloggs plan to growth and service to its customers Kelloggs record the data of past purchase by their existing customers and contact new customers to gain information about their purchase behaviour and consumer preferences. Based on this information, Kelloggs deliver customized products and services to fit the specific needs of consumers (Navickaite, 2011). For instance, the introduction of Kelloggs special K benefits the diet needs of consumers, grain-based cereals and breakfast food for customers who are health concern. Kelloggs mainly implements three strategies for its growth. They are: Target the existing customers and encourage them to increase their spending and purchase on the brand. By utilizing the information of customer purchase behaviour, Kelloggs develop wide arrays of products that would fit the needs of their existing customers which in turn increase their purchase Target the customers of competitors and persuade them to switch brand. Kelloggs implement differentiation strategy and cost leadership in order to attain large group of target customers specially the competitors customers ( Kelloggs cornflakes and other cereals gives competitive advantage to the company which no other industry rivals can imitate. Kelloggs develop cost leadership by offering unique price rates for its quality products much less than the cost offered by its competitors Encourage the non-category users to consume the category product and select their brand ( Kelloggs influence purchase behaviour of non-category consumers to choose their product through healthy initiatives and awareness programs of Kelloggs benefits. Information sources of Kelloggs company With the focus to meet the global needs of customers, Kelloggs rely on wide range of its suppliers, contractors, manufacturers, consultants, distributors, partners of joint ventures and agents. Kelloggs forms collaborative business with the aforementioned stakeholders to gain insight and information about the industry. The growth and corporate responsibility of Kelloggs are not mutually exclusive (Jackson et al.2015). Hence, Kelloggs derive information from the company researchers and Kelloggs business analyst and subsequently meet the aspects of corporate responsibility. The CRM by Kellogg consider nutrition of consumers, diversity in workplace, employee welfare, environmental performance and sustainable agriculture. With the changing demographics of customer base and workforce diversity that acts as an key information resource to understand and meet the needs of customers. Market research and competitor analysis help the firm to discover and identify consumer needs and wide array of issues such as, their views on company products, packaging, and prices, recent advertising campaigns (Supriya et al. 2014). This helps the organization to make their marketing decisions. Market segment of Kelloggs Kelloggs company mainly target the health conscious people ranging from women who are employed or homemakers, mainly between the age 25-50. Kelloggs special K is aimed at women who are constantly trying to lose their weight, since according to the market research 23.5% of women diet regularly as compared to 12.9% of men (Jones, 2011). With the increasing popularity and demand of health food, Kelloggs cornflakes grab the interest of majority population in Europe and Asia-Pacific. Kelloggs cornflakes is targeted as the healthy breakfast cereal for children, young teenagers, middle age population and aged people as well. According to the recent statistics, the level of obesity level at UK is found to be 31.3% at women and men are less prone to obesity ( 24.8%). Hence, the Kelloggs special K is highly favoured in UK which enable the brand to expand its customer base. In addition, with the current growth rate, the cereal market in UK is anticipated to thrive in future (Morrisette Hatfield, 2014). This statistics support immense market potential for Kelloggs and encourage its vast segmentation with products like Kelloggs all-Bran and own label Kelloggs Brand flakes (22% of the market segment), Kelloggs fruit and Fibre(11%), Kelloggs Special K (34%), Kelloggs cornflakes (61%), Kelloggs rice crispies and Coco Pops. Integrated market communication of Kelloggs Ready-to-eat cereal is the largest category of packaged food marketed directly towards the children. Kelloggs consistently position Nutri-gain as the energy food for boys particularly focuses on them who wants to grow as successful athletes (Fernandes, 2013). The integrated market communication by Kelloggs focus to build a strong association between Nutri-Grain cereal and success in sport let the boys to perceive Nutri-Grain as their essential daily diet to a point that goes beyond the dietary recommendations. Integrated marketing communications refers to Kelloggs advertising that represents the cereal as an indispensable part of a competitive and successful preparation of athletes that enhance their perceptions (Jones, 2011). Hence, Nutri-gain is a significant product that may be perceived as an important stimulant to achieve success in sports and success which in turn enhance the appeal of cereal to male teens. The campaign of Kelloggs cornflakes and Kelloggs special K are addressed to mothers and son and analogous to support health with Nutritional energy food (Malhotra, 2014). Integrated marketing communication focus on emotional appeal and target the potential anxieties of parents who desire to give best nutrition to their children. Promotion mix of Kelloggs Kelloggs promote its product through advertising and attractive packaging. The company make use of bright package in order to distinguish its products from its rivals in the industry. Kelloggs design its package to appeal both the children and adult. Advertisement is the key mesium of promoting its product. Television is the main medium for advertising (Rhoads Conwell, 2014). The companys promotional campaigns, like Drop a jeans size challenge increase its sales extensively that encourage consumers to have a bowl of cereal in their breakfast in lose weight. Kelloggs encourage its customers to provide feedback through the printed phone number on every wrapper of product (Che, 2014). This is also a strategy of promotion that enhances brand value. Kelloggs being a leading cereal brand makes use of online discussion forums and chat rooms where consumers can attain pre-purchase knowledge and also can share their post-purchase feedback. Online forums helps to spread electronic word of mouth thus targeting a large group of customers across the globe (Gaviria, 2012). However, E-WOM has negative effects as well. A negative feedback about the product or brand from the dissatisfied customers can spread negative word of mouth which in turn will affect its overall sales. Communication model and promotion issues The interlink between communication model by Kelloggs and its promotion issues are considered in details below: Mass advertisement- Through Television, Crackle and Pop, Cocoa the monkey and Snap. Kelloggs spent approximately $15 million for media campaigns however, the agency cannot attain a large group of target market who spend majority of their time in internet. Direct promotions through coupons is an effective strategy however, it allows promotion only to visiting customers and not to the outside world (Diaz-Montano et al. 2014). Trade Promotions by in-store displays and samples offers in accurate information and lack in timely convey. This communication process is in able to plan promotions based on analytics. Personal selling- It induces high cost and incur problem of finding and retaining people potential customers. The most significant issue of this communication model is the inconsistency in message (Bakir, 2014). Sales person find themselves as independent from organizations and hence design their own message strategies and sales technique thus leading to disparity in sales. Role of marketing managers in promotion Identify and select the target market and decide on specific marketing strategies based on market area. Managers maximize the effectiveness of promotional strategy by significant utilization of company resources, values and policies of management, potential risk and return, etc ( Identify, develop and evaluate the marketing strategies based on characteristics of market, cost and mark up factors. Examine the financial aspects of promotional strategy such as budget of advertisement mediums , expenditures, return on investment and projections of profit and loss. The execution of marketing or promotion plan is monitored and coordinated by the marketing manager ( Moreover, control of marketing plan execution is done in three steps, I) measurement of the outcome of executed marketing plan, II) comparison of results between pre-stated objectives in the marketing plan, III) adjustment and modifications are made in marketing plan if the objectives are not achieved. Key concept of advertisement Advertisement- it is the delivery of persuasive product message to the right people (target market), at the right time and at the right place at the lowest possible cost (McNeill, 2013). Advertising is the main component of marketing management and promoted through newspapers, Magazine, banners, direct mail, Television, Internet, etc. Sales promotion- This promotion strategy adopt short-term and non-recurring methods to boost up the sales in various ways. Sales promotion offers are not available throughout the years rather counts on festive seasons, year ending and seasonal opportunities (Jackson et al. 2015).Tools of sales promotion are exchange offer, free samples, discount coupons, scratch and win offer, money back offer, etc. Public Relation- It is a significant management function that helps to establish and maintain mutual mode of communication, cooperation, understanding and acceptance between an organization and its public (Supriya et al. 2014). Tools of public relation is Propaganda, Lobbying, Campaign, etc. Reference List Che, D. (2014). What happened to Tony the Tiger?: The rise and fall of Kellogg's Cereal City USA. Gaviria, D. (2012). Fueling Better DaysRefreshing Kelloggs 106 Year Old Brand. Diaz-Montano, J., Campbell, J. F., Phillips, T. W., Throne, J. E. (2014). Evaluation of potential attractants for Liposcelis bostrychophila (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae).Journal of economic entomology,107(2), 867-874. Bakir, B. (2014). Kellogg's" To Go" Breakfast-Shake at the Danish Market. Navickaite, I. (2011).Psychological contract in the context of the wider organisational system. Challenges and opportunities in Kellog's company(Doctoral dissertation, Dublin, National College of Ireland). Trehan, K., Singh, G. K. (2013). Deceptive Practices in Indian Advertising: A Content Analysis of Print and Television Advertisements Violating the Guidelines of Advertising Standard Council of India.International Journal of Business Ethics in Developing Economies,2(1), 30. McNeill, L. (2013). Sales promotion in Asia: successful strategies for Singapore and Malaysia.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,25(1), 48-69. Jackson, M., Harrison, P., Swinburn, B., Lawrence, M. (2015). 17. Marketing ethics in context: the promotion of unhealthy foods and beverages to children.Handbook on Ethics and Marketing, 354. Supriya, N., Vasudha, T. J., Yadav, P. J. (2014). Social Networking-An Influencer of Brand Promotion.International Journal of Innovative Research and Development,3(12). Jones, E. (2011). An empirical estimation of price sensitivity differences among inner-city and suburban consumers: A look at breakfast cereals.Journal of Innovative Marketing,7(4), 71-92. Morrisette, S., Hatfield, L. (2014). Batter Blaster.Journal of the International Academy for Case Studies,20(3), 25. Fernandes, S. (2013). A Case Study Approach On Indian Companies And Global Companies Entry In Foreign MarketsAn Analysis Of Glocalization Strategies.Journal Of Business Management Social Sciences Research,2(1), 30-39. Jones, E. (2011). Measuring Price Sensitivity Differences for Inner-City and Suburban Consumers: An Analysis of Breakfast Cereals with Supermarket Scanner Data. In2011 Annual Meeting, July 24-26, 2011, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania(No. 103892). Agricultural and Applied Economics Association. Malhotra, S. (2014). A Study on Marketing Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG).International Journal of Innovative Research and Development,3(1). Rhoads, G. B., Conwell, W. Y. (2014).U.S. Patent Application 14/152,925.

The True Story Of A Black Youths Essays - Mark Mathabane

The True Story of a Black Youth's Coming of Age in Apartheid South Africa Mark Mathabane I. Main Characters A. Johannes (Mark) Mathabane--Kaffir Boy revolves around Johannes for the simple reason that he is the author of this book. Growing up in Johannesburg, South Africa was especially hard for Johannes. Johannes is very smart and graduated at the top of his class during his 13 years of schooling in apartheid South Africa. Johannes has had a lot of courage and perseverance throughout his life. B. Jackson Mathabane--Johannes's father came from what is now the so-called independent homeland of the Vendas in the northwestern corner of the Transvaal. Johannes's father tried desperately to support his family, but in times of dire need, he backed away and depended on alcohol and abusive behaviors. Johannes's parents met and married in Alexandra on March 21, 1960. C. Mother--Johannes's mother came from Gazankulu, the tribal reserve for the Tsongas in the Northeastern Transvaal. She is a very loving and devoted woman. D. Johannes's siblings--Johannes has five sisters and one brother. His sisters names are Florah, Linah, Maria, Merriam, and Linah. George was his only brother. E. Ellen Mabaso--Ellen was the mother of Johannes's mother. She was a humble woman who bore four children: Uncle Piet, Aunt Bush, Uncle Cheeks, and Johannes's mother. she had a statuesque figure--tall, limber, and ebony colored complete with tribal attire and multiple anklets, beads, earrings and bracelets. She could easily been a chief's daughter. Her friendly, brown eyes had the radiance of pristine pearls. She was the most beautiful woman Johannes had ever seen. She worked six days a week, from seven to five, mowing lawns, raking leaves, clipping hedges, watering plants, sweeping driveways, cleaning yards and pruning trees for white people. F. Mr. Brown--Mr. Brown was one of the few people in the yard where the Mathabane's lived with the equivalent of a high-school education. He was a bus driver for PUTCO, but he also operated a moving service that transported people and goods between Alexandra and the tribal reserve of the Vendas. G. Mrs. Smith--Mrs. Smith was Granny's employer. She was a short, slender woman with silver hair and slightly drooping shoulders. Granny was the Smith's gardener. H. Clyde Smith--Clyde is the son of the woman who Granny works for. He is a young boy who is somewhat of a snob. As he grows, he learns to like Johannes and they become friends. I. Scaramouche--Scaramouche was a self-employed painter. He was also one of the best tennis players among people of color in Johannesburg. An excellent coach, he was well connected in white and black tennis circles. He agreed to be Johannes' coach. Scaramouche turned out to not only be a great coach but a confidant and a surrogate father. He was firm and demanding but not authoritative and stifling. Instead of teaching Johannes his style of play, he let Johannes acquire his own way. J. Tom--In June of 1972, Johannes met Tom. He is a lanky Zulu tennis player. He was very harmless-looking K. Wilfred Horn--Wilfred married to Norma. He respects black people and owns a tennis ranch in Halfway House called Barretts. He was a German immigrant. L. Arthur Ashe--Arthur Ashe was a Negro tennis player that Johannes admired very much. he condemned apartheid and did not pretend he was a white man erroneously painted black. Arthur always appeared calm, cool, and collected, even when he was surrounded in a sea of white faces. M. David--David was the number two singles player on the tennis team. He was soft-spoken, politically sensitive, and a brilliant Zulu student whose love for the English language exhaled Johannes's. Johannes and David frequently exchanged books, did English homework together, read prose and poetry together, trained together, and sat on the same seat during tennis trips. David was the first close friend Johannes ever had. The only difference between David and Johannes was that David was a womanizer. N. Helmut--Helmut was a short, brown-haired bespectacled white man with a barrel chest. He was always dressed in flashy clothing. He came from a small town in Germany and was working for a German company in South Africa only a few months before he met Johannes. He turned out to be a horrible tennis player, but good practice

Pre-Ap U.S. American History Paper (Revisionism) essays

Pre-Ap U.S. American History Paper (Revisionism) essays What is revisionism? I see it as the way the dominant society ruled. The way things are ruled depends on the morals of those in the dominant place. Though the native Americans were the first to live here, their overall peaceful traditional way of life has almost vanished completely. It has morphed into the European culture. This European culture now regulates 99% of American land. Therefore when Im talking about American revisionism it will be mostly through the European culture. The view of the earliest Europeans who came to America was full of apathy of anything the king and queen of their country didnt particularly care for. The rulers of the conquesting countries demanded gold or anything else of great value to be discovered by their feeble, poverty stricken minions (sailors and exploration soldiers). The minority group who were rich or well off( I.E Christopher Columbus) desired not to defy their leaders for the fear of losing his comfortable lifestyle or maybe even his life.. There have been claims that their faith was strong. Evidently due to the actions of the majority of the soldiers this isnt true. Thou shall not kill yet they very much killed any native that wasnt to their liking. Thou shall not commit adultery, yet many of them raped. And when they were tired of their sex toys these poor people were exterminated. The Christian God also says to love thy neighbor (love your fellow human beings) and that all men (and women) are created in the image of him (God). This was blatantly disregarded considering that the early explorers cared about how the natives felt as they cared about how the grass feeling when walked on. The natives across the lands had mixed thoughts that seemed to unfortunately tie together to ignorance. Not knowing such an overbearing conflicting culture, one that will plow up the ground, pull down the trees, kill everything...( Wintu Woman, 19 century) they ...

12 Imaginary Places

12 Imaginary Places 12 Imaginary Places 12 Imaginary Places By Mark Nichol Religion, legends, and literature alike are replete with various conceptions of ethereal or terrestrial paradises or places with romantic flair. Here are a dozen examples of ideal locales, including their names, their origins, and their definitions. 1. Arcadia (the Greek region of Arcadia): an idealized, unattainable pastoral state, bereft of civilization 2. Atlantis (allegorical legend recounted by Plato): an island with a complex, advanced civilization that was submerged in a cataclysmic disaster in preclassical times) 3. Camelot (European legends and folklore): the seat of the court of King Arthur, renowned for its splendor 4. Cockaigne (European medieval legend): a place of idleness and luxury 5. El Dorado or Eldorado (Spanish legend): the name given to a Native American chieftain and, by extension, to the prosperous city and surrounding empire he supposedly ruled; later, a metaphor for happiness or personal fulfillment 6. Erewhon (Samuel Butler’s satirical novel Erewhon): a seemingly utopian society with the same flaws as actual civilization 7. Faerie (European fairy tales and folktales): the magical realm of fairies and other legendary beings 8. Neverland or the Neverlands or Never Never Land (J. M. Barrie’s stage play Peter Pan and his novelization Peter and Wendy): an idyllic land serving as a metaphor for escapism and perpetual childhood 9. Shambhala (Buddhist tradition): a mythical hidden kingdom in Central Asia adopted as an ideal state by believers in mysticism 10. Shangri-La (James Hilton’s romantic novel Lost Horizon): an idealized paradise in a hidden valley in Asia 11. Utopia (Sir Thomas More’s allegorical novel Utopia): an island with a harmonious sociopolitical system; in uncapitalized form, any idealized society 12. Xanadu (Chinese history): a city in what is now Inner Mongolia, the historical summer palace of Kublai Khan, but also, inspired by Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s poem Kubla Khan, an idealized place of luxurious splendor Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing Prompts 101Capitalization Rules for Names of Historical Periods and MovementsThrew and Through

Ch10 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ch10 - Case Study Example These facets will help managers and other employees to make better decisions keeping in mind the current scenario and the organizational culture of the organization. The norms accepted by the employees, their emotions regarding various aspects, so on and so forth will help in building high emotional intelligence in employees (Cote and Miners, 27). Yes the program being implemented in J&J would be successful in improving the emotional intelligence of employees. It is appropriate to consider abilities in job performance evaluations. Observational learning is a very important tool that help individual learn many characteristics and traits that should be possessed by them for success. By attending training programs, those employees that aspire for success would work upon bringing a change in themselves and work upon having high emotional intelligence. All those abilities should be evaluated for evaluation of job performances that are required for the job role as the multi skills present in employees allows many tasks to be conducted successfully for the firm. Manufacturing and quality control recalls can be avoided if managers control the resistance in employees due to any mishap occurring in the firm. All negative emotions from the employees need to be removed. The managers need to ensure that the goals of the employees are in alignment with the goals of the organization and accordingly deal with all the manufacturing and quality related concerns of the firm. Stronger relationships are built, stress at workplace is reduced which leads to better productivity. The other abilities in avoiding recalls in organizations are through employees having an optimistic view of work and life. Having abilities to work hard and work under pressure by following the guidelines exactly allows recalls to be avoided in manufacturing and quality control

Politicians Justify Spending on the London Olympic Games as Being Good Essay

Politicians Justify Spending on the London Olympic Games as Being Good for the Economy - Essay Example With the onset of the games, government officials are declaring that the games would be good for the economy and justify spending because of the benefits which the games can bring to the city and the country in general. This paper shall explain the various justifications being made for the spending on the London Olympic Games. Body In general, the Olympic Games is a major sports event which has a significant scale and can potentially bring about economic developments for the host city or for the host country as a whole. The games usually unfolds for a few weeks only however, the preparations for the games usually takes place months, even years before the event and would require considerable investments from the government and the private sector. Its impact on the economy soon after the games can also be significant and sustainable for years after the event (Pricewaterhouse Coopers, 2004). This potential can also be seen with the London Olympics. The exact economic impact of the Olymp ic Games to the host country or city is spread out over years and is seen in three stages – before, during, and after the games. ... During the games, economic activities within the city would also increase through the tourists and through the athletes attending the games. Finally, after the games, the Olympic legacy potentially would keep drawing in more tourists and investors because of the infrastructures and the other attraction which the city can now offer (Pricewaterhouse Coopers, 2004). Tourism is one of the major benefits of the Olympics, one which can be seen before, during, and after the games. The Olympics provide a special avenue which draws local and foreign tourists to the city. Visitors who are involved in the games, including the athletes, coaches, and other team officials, as well as the spectators, media, and sponsors are to be accommodated within the city (Booth, 2009). The promotion of the games would also draw in the tourists due to the media exposure and enhanced international reputation. The visitors would start to trickle in within a few months from the games and would swell to bigger numbe rs during the games. Therefore, the Olympics can sustain the city’s economy for several years after the Games (London Development Agency, 2008). Tourists can increase demands on the regional and local economy with visitors spending money on food, accommodations, transportation, and tickets for the Games. The revenues from the media broadcast and sponsors will also accrue to the city; and the IOC would generally profit from these revenues (Pricewaterhouse Coopers, 2004). Secondary effects would also be seen with money being spent within the host country. This is known as the multiplier effect where additional activities and employment opportunities related to the games are made

Ethernet system Essay Example for Free

Ethernet system Essay Robert Metcalfe with his colleagues at the Xerox Palo Alto research Center (PARC) developed the experimental Ethernet system. According to O’Reilly and associates (2000) the main purpose of developing the Ethernet system is to interconnect a personal workstation with graphical user interface called Xerox Alto. The experimental system was used in order to connect Altos and also printers and servers. The systems interface‘s signal clock was patterned in the Alto’s system clock. This resulted to 2. 94 Mbps. data transmission rate on the experimental Ethernet. Ethernet was originally known as Alto Aloha Network. Alto Aloha Network was changed its name to Ethernet by Metcalfe to indicate that the system not only support Alto’s but also other computers. And Metcalfe also point out that the Ethernet has progressed way beyond the Aloha system. He chose the name ether as to describe the essential feature of the system which is the physical medium carries bits to all stations the same way as the aluminiferous ether was once believe to proliferate There are two ways which can be used to allocate the capacity of transmission media: baseband and broadband transmissions. Baseband transmission allocates the entire capacity of the medium to one communication channel. It uses distinct values by measuring the voltage in wire which only carried one signal at a time. In broadband transmission, the system allows two or more communication channels to share the bandwidth of the communication medium. The system uses the technique of dividing the bandwidth into frequency bands which is called frequency division multiplexing (FDM) which works only with analog signals. There is also another technique called time-division multiplexing (TDM) that supports digital signals. Figure 1, show the difference between baseband and broadband transmission mode of operation: Figure 1. Difference in the mode of operation between baseband and broadband Broadband transmission is used in the web hosting companies. This is because of the higher speeds of the broadband. With the use of broadband, people can enjoy the full range of internet services like downloading videos, music, watching movies and plying online games. Transceivers have different speeds which are measured in MHz and also specified in wavelengths. The larger the value of the fiber core of the transceivers, measured in microns, there will be more bandwidth possible but also the distance will be shorter. The 1000 Base-LX is the long wavelength with a signaling speed of 1. 25 ±100 ppm GBd. This transceiver can use both 62. 5 and 50 micron multimode fiber and it also uses single-mode fiber optic cables with distances of 440m, 550m and 5 km. Another transreceiver is the 100 Base-TX which uses 4B5B binary encoding to encode 100 Mbps data stream in a signal of 125 MHz. One pair is used for transmitting data while the other pair is used for receiving the data. Given this, one user can setup a system for full duplex communication given that there are only interfaces in the same collision domain. It is either the two computers are directly connected to each other by crossover cable or a computer directly connected to a switch. Full duplex communication result to doubling the potential throughput but not often reached more than the modest improvement. Based on Sheldon and Big Sur Multimedia (2001), link aggregation is the process of connecting together two or more data channels in order to become a single channel which appears as a single, higher-bandwidth logical link. Also this aggregated links can provide redundancy and fault tolerance if the links follow different physical path. By linking the digital lines, the link aggregation improves the access to public networks. The aggregation is also use in enterprise network to build multigigabit backbone links. It also allows the network’s backbone speed to grow increasingly when the demands on the network increases without replacing everything and buy new and expensive hardware. Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) protocol was intended for local area network (LAN) environments where in all the nodes are positioned few hundred feet from each other. The importance of the protocol is to listen up each node to the channels in a short period of time before it transmits. The main assumption of the protocol is that each node should be able to hear the transmission from every other station. But this assumption is violated in access network and this resulted to several problems. One of the serious problems encountered is the hidden transmitter problem. This occurs when the CSMA/CA cannot function properly due to a wireless node cannot hear one or more of the other nodes. And when this happen, multiple nodes attempt to transmit their data simultaneously over the shared data thus resulting to interference with each other. To address the hidden transmitter problem, the 802. 11 standard uses the protocol request to send/clear to send (RTS/CTS). Before transmitting each packet, each node transmit an RTS packet to other nodes to warn them that it is about to transmit data and after each transmission, it broadcasts CTS packet. This process is time and bandwidth consuming process and it is required for each and every transmission by each and every wireless node. But this process sill does not address the hidden transmitter problem fully because RTS/CTS packets are subjected to repeated collisions. In most applications, the wireless standard 802. 11b operating at 2. 4 ghz is ample enough. This wireless standard is the mostly widely accepted standard among the three wireless standards and also the price of the equipment is the cheapest because of the rising demand for the 802. 11g. Its distance will rely mostly on the communicating devices whether it have line of site or not. And with fewer obstacles among the transmitting and receiving devices, there will be better wireless connection and therefore much better web surfing. The 802. 11b wireless standard is good enough if using wireless route or access point only for internet usage because the connection to internet via broadband modem operates about 2mbps which is very fast. The 802. 11b transfer data at the rate of 11mbps which is sufficient for internet usage. This device saves money on equipment and gives great web surfing services. Another wireless standard being used is the 802. 11g standard. It is replacing the widely accepted standard which is the 802. 11b because both operate on the same frequency and the price drastically goes down on products. This standard is much very similar to 802. 11b because it also usually needs a line of site to achieve optical performance. Both standards, 802. 11b and 802. 11g operate at the same frequency range of 2. 4ghz and are inter-operable with each other. All the devices of 802. 11g can communicate with 802. 11 devices and the main advantage of the 802. 11g devices is that when transferring files betweens computers or networks, it is usually at a greater speed. It is recommended to use 802. 11g when using wireless connection to transfer files (data files, voice, music, and videos) around the home and office. 802. 11g standard also allows manufacturers to developed devices which work at speed of up to 108mbps because it recommended when transferring large data or audio files within LAN. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a security technology that is used in wireless network. This was created by an industry trade group called the Wi-Fi Alliance which owns the trademark for the name Wi-Fi and certifies products that bear the name. WPA was created in order to response on the serious weaknesses of the previous system, the Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) and also to improve the authentication and encryption features of the WEP. It implements majority of the IEEE 802. 11i and intended to take place the place of WEP. It was designed in order to work with all wireless network interface cards but not with first generation wireless access point. Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) is one of the key technologies behind WPA which deals with the encryption weaknesses of the WEP. Also the WAP have built-in authentication which is a key component. The WAP uses the RC4 stream cipher which has a 128-bit key and a 49-bit initialization vector (IV). With the combination of the TKIP and the RC4 stream cipher; this solves the problem of key recovery attacks which was found in WEP. In addition, the WPA provides much improved payload integrity. WPA uses a more secured message authentication code (MAC) but also termed as MIC which stand for message integrity code which is an algorithm â€Å"Michael†. MIC includes a frame counter preventing replay attacks. With the features of the WPA like having increased size of the keys and IV’s, reduced number of packets sent with related keys and adding up of a secured message verification system, it is far more difficult to break in within the system. There is one variation in WPA which is called the WPA pre shared key (WPA-PSK), which is also known as personal mode. This was designed for home and small office usage and networks which can’t afford the cost and complexity of the 802. 1X authentication server. To access the network, the user must enter a pass phrase, with 8 to 63 printable ASCII characters or 64 hexadecimal digits. This can be stored in the user’s computer with discretion under most operating system in order to avoid re-entry and must remain in the Wi-Fi access point. Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol (PEAP) securely transmits authentication information which includes password, over wired and wireless network. It is also an 802. 1x authentication type for wireless LAN’s. The PEAP is created by the Cisco Systems, Microsoft and RSA Security which is base on the Internet Draft submitted to the IETF. (Cisco Systems, 2007) The system uses only server side public key certificates which authenticate clients by creating encrypted SSL/TLS tunnel in between client and authentic server. This protects from casual inspection the resulting exchange of authentication. According to the Cisco Systems Inc. , the following are important benefits of the PEAP web security system: †¢ It relies on the Transport Layer Security (TLS) which allow non-encrypted authentication types (EAP-Generic Token Card and One Time Password (OTP)) support †¢ It uses the server-side Public-Key Infrastructure (PKI) based digital certification authentication †¢ It allows for the authentication to an extended suite of directories which include Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP), Novell NDS and OTPA databases †¢ It uses the TLS in order to encrypt all the user-sensitive authentication information †¢ It supports the password change at expiration †¢ It does not display the logon username in the EAP identity response †¢ The system is not susceptible to dictionary attacks †¢ It offer dynamic privacy protection while using in combination with Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP) or the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Also the PEAP have enterprise benefit. Based on the Cisco System Inc. , PEAP is based upon the server-side EAP-TLS. This means that organization can avoid the issue associated in the installing of digital certificates on every client machine which is required by the EAP-TLS. This provides the enterprise to choose what method of client authentication depending on their needs. PEAP authentication work in two phases: ? In phase 1, performing the server-side TLS authentication will result to creation of an encrypted tunnel and will achieve server-side authentication. One the process is done the data are encrypted with all the user-sensitive information ? For phase 2 according to the Cisco System Inc. , the client is authenticated by using methods like the EAP-GTC and the Microsoft Challenge Authentication Protocol (MS-CHAP) Public switched telephone network (PSTN) is referred as the public communication providing local, extended and long distance call telephone service. It is composed of telephone exchanges arranged in order to have nationwide telephone communication system. The system is open for those who can afford the service. Packets, pieces of the caller’s conversation are switched and then sent simultaneously to many connections to reach a receiver in the other end. All the phones in PSTN are connected in a way that any phone can call to any other phone due to all the local phone systems are connected to each other. Mitchell (2007) cited that PSTN provides the traditional Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) to establishments and residences and also some parts of the PSTN are being utilized for DSL, VoIP and other internet-based network. In much relation to internet, this provides much of the internet’s long-distance infrastructure. Internet service providers (ISP) pay the long distance provider for the access to their infrastructure and they share the circuits among users in the process called packet switching. PSTN network link supports 64 kbps and in residences the PSTN phone lines carrying the bandwidth is made up of copper cable. Dial-up modems utilize 56kbps of the bandwidth when they are connected to a phone line. Also the PSTN utilizes the SS7 signaling protocol. SS7 signaling protocol support the exchange of special-purpose messages on public telephone networks. SS7 messages pass over separate channel different from the channel used for voice communication and it is referred as out of band signaling. Wireless local loop is sometimes called radio in the loop (RITL) or fixed –radio access (FRA). It is a system that connects users and subscribers to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) by the use of radio signals as substitute for copper for all part of the connection between subscriber and the switch. This includes cordless access systems; propriety fixed radio access and fixed cellular systems. One of the advantages of the wireless local loop is that it can be deployed in just weeks or months in comparison with copper wire systems which took months and years for the deployments. The instillation of the wireless local loop considerately has much lower construction cost than laying copper lines. The maintenance and operations of the wireless local loop are that easy and the average maintenance time per subscriber is shorter by 3 to 4 times. Signaling is the exchange between information which concerns about the establishment and in the control of a connection and the management of the network. There are many types of signaling: †¢ In-band signaling pertains to the exchange of signaling information within the same channel of the telephone call †¢ Out-of-band signaling is telecommunication signaling meaning exchange of information to control telephone call. It is done over a channel and it separates from channels which is use for telephone call. This signaling is used by Signaling system #7, the signaling standard controlling the world’s phone calls †¢ Line signaling is much concerned in transmitting information on the state of line or channel †¢ Register signaling is focused on the transmittance of information in the calling/ called telephone number †¢ Channels-associated signaling utilizes signaling channels dedicating to a specific bearer channel †¢ Common-channels signaling, utilizes signaling channels which transmit signaling information to multiple bearer channels. †¢ Compelled signaling pertains to the need of the receive signal to be fully acknowledged before the next signal is sent. †¢ Subscriber signaling pertains to the telephone and the telephone exchanges †¢ Trunk signaling pertains to the exchange. References Buis, Paul. (1996, September). Common 100 Mbps Hardware Variations. Ethernet Technology:Underlying Technologies. (Chapter 4). Retrieved September 16,2007 from http://www. cs. bsu. edu/homepages/peb/cs637/ethernet/100mbps. htm Computer Hope. (2007). Ethernet. Retrieved September 16,2007 from http://www. computerhope. com/jargon/e/ethernet. htm ETSTechNEWS. What is the difference between 802. 11g and 802. 11b? Retrieved September 17, 2007 from http://web. monroecc. edu/ETSTechNEWS/80211g Fleishman, Glenn. (2003, November 4). Weakness in Passphrase Choice in WPA Interface. Retrieved September 17,2007 from http://wifinetnews. com/archives/002452. html GNS Wireless LLC. 802. 11a vs. 802. 11b vs. 802. 11g. 2007. Retrieved September 16, 2007 from the http://www. gnswireless. com/AvsBvsG. htm Laverty, Denis. WPA vs. WEP: How your Choice Affects your Wireless Network Security. Retrieved September 16,2007 from http://www. openxtra. co. uk/articles/wpa-vs-wep. php McLauren, Bruce. (1998). Cabling Options. How Gigabit Ethernet works. Retrieved September 15,2007 from http://misnt. indstate. edu/coutinho/ge/WORKS. HTM Mitchell, Bradley. Wireless/networking: â€Å"WPA: Wi-Fi Protected Access. Retrieved September 16,2007 from http://searchnetworking. techtarget. com/sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci214316,00. html Ou, George. (2005,June 2). Understanding the updated WPA and WPA2 standards. Message posted to http://blogs. zdnet. com/Ou/index. php? p=67 Pidgeon,Nick. Introduction to how Ethernet Works. The Ethernet. Retrieved September 16,2007 from http://computer. howstuffworks. com/ethernet. Sheldon, Tom. Link Aggregation. â€Å"The Encyclopedia of Networking and Telecommunications. Retrieve September 16,2007 from http://www. linktionary. com/l/link_aggregation. html Spurgeon, Charles E.. (2000). Why is it called Ethernet?. Ethernet: The Definitive Guide. Retrieved September 16,2007 from http://www. ethermanage. com/ethernet/ethername. html ICT Global. What is Ethernet?. Ethernet FAQ. Retrieved September 16,2007from http://www. ictglobal. com/ICT010/faq1. html Networking Essentials. Band Usage (Baseband or Broadband). Retrieved September 17,2007 from http://www. measureup. com/testobjects/MS_NetEss/5a67289. htm

The Role of Trees in Terry Kays To Dance With The White Dog :: Dance With The White Dog Essays

The Role of Trees in Terry Kay's To Dance With The White Dog In the novel To Dance With The White Dog there are many similarities between Sam Peek and Kay’s father. The Dedication and Authors Note, located before and after the[b1] novel, give the reader insight into the true meaning of the book. In the Authors Note Kay speaks of his father and the fruit trees that he cared for; from this a correlation arises with Sam Peek and his beloved pecan trees. Terry Kay’s father cultivates fruit trees. Fruit trees generally live for approximately ten years then die off. It takes fruit trees three to five years before they will bear fruit. Overall fruit trees require a short term commitment. Although Kay’s father became famous for his well grown trees, it did not require the dedication and time that Sam Peek had to exert for his pecan trees.[b2] In the novel Sam Peek has dedicated his life to the growth and production of his pecan trees. Pecan trees take at least five years to yield fruit and can live up to seventy-five years. They take much more time and effort to yield profit. Cultivating pecan trees is a life long project. In the novel Sam Peek dedicates his life to the care of his pecan trees. In his old age, when he is retired from the tree business, he still has the commitment to go to the pecan orchard and pull weeds. This shows Sam Peeks strong bonds to his life and family[b3]. He is very much tied do wn to the land around his family home. His dedication to his trees is because he wishes to provide a good life for his family. He pours a lot of effort into this wish. While reading this novel the reader interprets the meaning of the author based on the knowledge that the book is fictional; however, when the reader finds out that there is some truth to the story at the end of the book they must reevaluate their interpretations.[b4][b4] Kay reveals in the Authors Note at the end of the book that the character of Sam Peek is based on his father.

Tugas English

Writing an Essay Give your opinion through an essay on the following statement. Computer games are very bad for people and they cause a lot of problems. Write your essay in 120-180 words in an appropriate style. Content: An essay should fully address the points made in the statement, discussing both whether or not computer games are bad for people and the answer of problems that they cause. Range of grammar and vocabulary: The present simple tense is likely to be required to talk about habits and general facts.Vocabulary connected with habits, leisure time and causes and results is required. Register: The essay could be fairly formal, informal or neutral, depending on how the candidate wishes to approach the topic. Organization and cohesion: The essay should be appropriately divided into paragraphs, separating points that agree with the statement in the questions and points that disagree. Appropriate linking between different points should be used (e. g. : On the other hand). The rea der:The essay should understand fully the writer’s opinions on the topic and the reasons why the writer has these opinions. Model answer: It is true that computer games can be bad for some people. Many of the games are very violent and some people may be influenced by this and then do the violent things themselves. I also believe that computer games can be additive and this can be bad for people. Some young people, for example, spend too much time playing these games instead of 1 activities that are much healthier for them, such as playing sports.This means that they can become unfit and also that they spend less time talking to their friends and having good relationships with other people. Playing computer games for long periods of time can also have a bad effect on people psychologically. They can put people into a bad mood and affect their relationships with their friends and family. On the other hand, computer games are not all bad. People can learn skills from playing th em and of course they can be great fun. They provide a very good source of entertainment.There is nothing wrong with them as long as people don’t spend too much time playing them. Now, write down your essay. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2

Kaoru Ishikawa

Kaoru Ishikawa was born in Tokyo Japan in 1939. He earned his Engineering degree in applied chemistry from the University of Tokyo. After Graduating from college he was a navel technical officer until 1941. He worked at the Nissian Liquid Fuel Company until 1947 and then began his educational vocation at the University of Tokyo. In 1978 he became Musashi Institute of Technology President (Kaoru Ishikawa, 2008). Ishikawa came to be known as the â€Å"father of the Quality revolution† to the people of Japan. When he was a professor at Tokyo University he realized the importance of the quality control methods that were introduced to his country by W. E Deming and J. R Juarn. He applied those methods to work with his country’s industries. Ishikawa developed the â€Å"quality circles†, the cause and effect diagram, and the importance of the seven quality tools. In addition, he wrote several books that explained statistics to the nonspecialist which one was the Guide to Quality Control. Another book he wrote was how to Operate QC Circle Activities which is based on quality circles. Quality circles are a method used to improve quality. Quality circles were developed in Japan in 1962 by Kaoru Ishikawa. A quality circle is a volunteer group of employees from the same work area who meet together to discuss work place improvement (Quality Circles, 2008). Quality circles were first used at the Nippon Telegraph and Cable Company in 1962 (â€Å"Death of Professor,† 1989). Ishikawa had only intended his methods of quality circles to be used for Japan but it has now spread to more than 50 countries. With the development of Ishikawa’s cause and effect diagram management leaders made large advancements in quality improvement ( Kaoru Ishikawa: One Step, 2011). With this new diagram users can see all of the possible causes of a result and find the process of imperfections ( Kaoru Ishikawa: One Step, 2011). The cause and effect diagram can easily be used by non- specialist to analyze and solve problems. Dr. E. W Deming used this diagram to teach Total Quality Control in Japan. Another name for Ishikawa’s cause and effect diagram is the Ishikawa or fishbone diagram. Ishikawa showed the importance of the seven Quality tools which are control chart, run chart, histogram scatter diagram, Pareto chart and flow chart. Ishikawa also expanded on Deming’s four steps into six steps which are determine goals and targets, determine methods of reaching goals, engage in education and training, implement work, check the effects of implementation, and take appropriate action ( Kaoru Ishikawa: One Step, 2011). Ishikawa also wrote and was the editor of many books. He wrote Guide to Quality control in 1968, as well as What Is Total Quality Control in 1981. He was the editor of QC circle Koryo in 1970, and How to operate QC Circle activates in 1971. Ishikawa has been credited with Japan’s quality achievements and has received many awards such as the Deming prize, and the blue ribbon medal which was given to him by the Japanese government. His work has changed how people perceive quality management and many of his methods and books are still used to this day by large and small businesses. Bibliography http://www.skymark.com/resources/leaders/ishikawa.asp http://www.vectorstudy.com/management_theories/quality_circles.htm

Analyze How Chinese Women Immigrants History was Linked to American Womens History essays

Analyze How Chinese Women Immigrants' History was Linked to American Womens History essays The purpose of this paper is to introduce, discuss, and analyze the topic of American history. Specifically it will link Chinese women immigrants' history to American women's history. Chinese women have a particularly difficult history in America, because many of the first Chinese women to immigrate to America were prostitutes imported to serve the many single Chinese men working in the country. Chinese women were effectually banned from immigrating to the country for many years, and most Chinese men left their wives and children behind in China because it was much cheaper for them to live there. The men simply sent money back home to support their families. 1 Chinese women's history parallels American women's history in many ways, but Chinese women have a much shorter history in this country, and most faced many hardships due to their race. Chinese women immigrated to American in exceedingly small numbers until the 20th century. In the mid-1800s, there were 63,000 Chinese in the United States, and nearly all of them were men. They came to this country as laborers, and left their families behind. Most of them fully intended to return to China and reunite with their families, and perhaps half of them did, but many remained in the U.S., mostly on the West Coast, where Chinatowns sprang up in most large west coast cities. 2 In 1882, the U.S. passed an exclusion law, banning almost all Chinese from immigrating to this country, and it made it illegal for Chinese already here to become citizens, too. This kept even more Chinese women in China, and this law lasted until the 1943, and kept the ratio of Chinese men to Chinese women extremely high. One author notes, "By 1890, there were about twenty-seven Chinese men for every Chinese woman. As late as 1930, the ratio was still four to one." 3 During the time of immigration exclusion, thousands of Chinese were smuggled into the country, and many of them were women. Most of ...

Case Study of Gillette Company-Free-Samples-

This paper aims to discuss the Gillette Company which launched the first blade system in 1998. The Company embraced technology and it introduced the five-blade system to outdo its competitors (Nye, 2016). However, the three-blade system was the significant element of the Gillette Company. Also, the three-blade system was introduced to minimize the irritation which was caused by the three-blade system when shaving. Therefore, the Gillette has its pros and cons in the marketing strategies as discussed in this paper. To begin with the pros, The Gillette embraced a new technology to improve the designs in the market. Through the strategy of embracing new technology Gillette would maintain its customers. The Gillette employed the strategy for success by launching the five-blade system to reduce the irritation caused to the customers when using the product (Dhebar, 2016). The marketing plan for the Gillette became more aggressive when they launched the new products. Therefore, the Gillette made a high profit and tried to outdo its key competitors in the market. On the other hand, the Gillette has cons in the marketing strategies as outlined in this paper. Due to the new technology, the Company was obliged to retrain the staff for them to understand the technology (Barrow& Stowers, 2013). At the same time the Gillette minimized the loyalty for the customers hence the market share declined.   Also, the aggressive marketing rollout strategy caused the Gillette to incur costs in advertising the products. Also, the Gillette received criticism due to the campaigns held when marketing the products (Stowell, Stowell,Grogan & Grogan, 2017). The launching of the Fusion Razor was a significant failure for the Gillette. In conclusion, the Gillette has employed good marketing strategies to help in attracting and maintaining the customers hence increase their satisfaction. Despite the marketing strategies, the Gillette has experienced challenges. However, there are many clients who are satisfied with it Barrow, C., & Stowers, D. (2013).  U.S. Patent No. D674,547. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Dhebar, A. (2016). Razor-and-Blades pricing revisited.  Business Horizons,  59(3), 303-310. Nye, J. V. (2016). What do we really know about durable goods monopolies? The Coase conjecture in economics and its relevance for the safety razor industry. In  The Elgar Companion to Ronald H. Coase  (pp. 222-234). Edward Elgar Publishing. Stowell, D. P., Stowell, D. P., Grogan, C. D., & Grogan, C. D. (2017). The Best Deal GiIlette Could Get? Procter & Gamble's Acquisition of Gillette.  Kellogg School of Management Cases, 1-18.

How has human civilization advanced because of our knowledge of fluid Essay

How has human civilization advanced because of our knowledge of fluid mechanics - Essay Example Professor Mohamed Gad-El-Hak of the University of Notre Dame, Indiana writes that the art of fluid mechanics possibly has its roots in prehistoric times when streamlined spears, sickle-shaped boomerangs and fin-stabilized arrows evolved by trial and error by our Stone Age ancestors. Over 8,000 years ago, as agriculture became the way of life, complex irrigation canals were built along river valleys to control water flow, freeing crop growth from the vagaries of the weather (Gad-El-Hak). The Greek mathematician Archimedes (287-212 BC) discovered the laws of buoyancy forces on submerged objects and laid the foundation stone for the science of Hydrostatics. The cartoon image of Archimedes having discovered the laws of buoyancy in his bath tub and running naked through the streets of Greece shouting â€Å"Eureka† is familiar to all of us. Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) observed and sketched the nature of turbulent flow in a water jet issuing from a square hole into a pool and wrote that â€Å"the water jet had two motions, one due to the principal current and the other to random and reverse motion† (Gad-El-Hak, 1998). Many other scientists and thinkers, including , Isaac Newton, Daniel Bernoulli and Osborne Reynolds have made important contributions to this science. One feature of the advancement of human civilization is the interconnection of the world. Oil from the middle-east is carried by ships to North America and Europe, grain from North America is transported Asia and Africa, iron ore and other minerals get shipped for processing to manufacturing plants all over the world. Containerized manufactured products ranging from cars to electronics and clothing are shipped all across the world. At the end of 2010, the global maritime industry had some 55,000 cargo vessels carrying over 1,350 million DWT of cargo representing around 90% of global trade (IMO, p. 6-12). The science of fluid mechanics plays an

Bill Clinton and Racial Reconciliation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bill Clinton and Racial Reconciliation - Essay Example Racial reconciliation demands sensitivity when being expounded because any loose definitions could lead people to supporting that which they feel closely relates to them. Yet it should be a unifying factor since it is a matter of humaneness rather than individual feelings. As human beings, we should seek to come together as one and respect each other regardless of color or any other divisive issues such as creed. However, emphasis must be placed on the fact that racial reconciliation primarily entails holding all persons responsible for the past injustices, accountable (Lawson 295). At the time of his campaign, Governor Bill Clinton came out boldly against race as a divisive issue and called upon Americans to embrace the diversity as a strengthening factor. Staying true to his word, when Clinton came into power he appointed more blacks and women than any other President in the history of America had. His idealism on racial reconciliation was founded on the fact that at the end of the day we are all human beings. That ought to be the connection we all ascribe to and not color. Racial reconciliation became more practical as President Clinton established a commission, aimed at convening dialogues at town halls to initiate further discourse into the issue of racism. He went on to enacting policies that saw employment opportunities for African Americans increase dramatically; besides that, he reinforced civil rights movements and appointed a significant number of African Americans and women into the judicial system. His dedication to this was visible until the end of his term where he was seen to make recommendations to health, education, civil rights efforts and overall social and economic evolution. In Elie Wiesel’s speech at the Millennium Lecture series in April 12 1999, he cited indifference as the greatest enemy to racial reconciliation as it is worse than anger and hatred, because it does not bring out any response. He applauded President Clintonâ€⠄¢s efforts in intervening the suffering of people in Kosovo in partnership with NATO. This had a huge impact on his plight to Americans that the human connection is greater than any racial and ethnic differences as nowadays more leaders and international organizations are embracing their roles as human beings to intervening in countries where crimes against humanity are rife. Such intervention efforts point at the occurrence of racial reconciliation (Wiesel). There are considerable instances of racial reconciliation in America, starting with President Clinton’s apology to African Americans for the Tuskegee Syphilis experiment in 1997. He also alluded to an apology to slavery and launched an initiative that sought to give practices necessary for racial reconciliation. This made racial injustices more acknowledgeable by other leaders as more apologies were offered. Evidence to this is an apology, in 1999 by President Mathieu Kerekou of Benin to African Americans for the countr y’s participation in the European slave trade. More recently, the Jacksonville Journey an initiative established in 2007 to reduce crime rates in the town often referred to as the ‘murder capital’ of Florida; where its activities include youth development programs that turn the young population away from gang activities. This has been a positive step towards racial reconciliation as it eliminates the stereotype of African Americans as inclined towards violent and criminal activities. Still in the same year, the

Networking and operating systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Networking and operating systems - Essay Example The users can interact with the operating systems by use of graphical user interface (GUI) or typing commands. There are three major operating systems, including Mac OS X, windows and Linux. Various companies are multitasking on i-OS4 instead of Blackberry devices. The i-OS4 ranks as the last mobile OS in supporting multitasking. The reason why the multitasking in Android is at last is because the designers entirely wanted to avoid it. The traditional multitasking cannot suit in Google phones and Androids because the limited resources and complexity. Complexity arises due to a simple UI and smaller visual space on mobile devices. There is no simple way of indicating to the user the running of the multiple applications. The device cannot also control or quit multiple applications (Raggo & Hosmer 2012, p. 97). Users often expect easy, simple and idiot-proof mobile devices. The second reason is inadequate resources. The phone uses memory and CPU to run everything, and in turn uses the battery power. Many of the apps, therefore, are not written or need to use all memory bytes or need of hitting the network in order to accomplish their tasks. Saving state is the most common Android’s form of multitasking. The OS of an Android provides a major support in the operating system in enabling the application developers to write the current condition of their applications and reload back when their app is restarted. The OS keeps the application in memory enhancing the switch back to fast. Running in the background is the less ordinary form of multitasking, particularly on the apps the want to continue in downloading twitter messages, playing music or performing other activities. Android supports all the types of apps where it allows them to register and run various services (Raggo & Hosmer 2012, p. 109). The entire background runs as a service thread,

Implications of Alcohol Abuse

Implications of Alcohol Abuse There are hundreds of car accidents and drinking related deaths every year due to irresponsible drinking. Many countries around the world face this problem with an abuse of alcohol. Alcohol in the hands of younger people may be a disaster, causing increasing crime related activity and harm, but the other hand is a more mature drinking age forcing delinquents to do illegal activities to obtain booze and drink more irresponsibly? These are questions that need to be answered through a research study in order to decrease the negativity associated with alcohol. The research will take place through the FIU library, Cypress Bay library and other various libraries using ebook references, providing statistics about consumption and its crimes. The purpose of this study is to find out which drinking age seems to be more appropriate for consumption which compares drinking ages among different countries to the negative consequences associated with them. The independent variable will be defined as the various ages of consumption among different countries. The dependent variable will be defined generally as the negative impacts of alcohol consumption, and the intervening variables are using the same age group, which will be 16 to 24, throughout the research study. I will be conducting a literature review to complete my study, which will involve me analyzing previous data collected and analyzing what that data means. I will analyze graphs about amount of alcohol consumed and alcohol related car accidents to find a correlation among the data and conclude what age is safer. Due to different cultures and environments, it may be difficult to include this factors into the study, as these factors will affect the validity of my findings. I conduct this study in the hopes it will further educate government officials to the importance of finding the right age of consumption in order to reduce fatalities and crimes, not only in the US but all around the world. This study will hopefully further the knowledge of potential dangers due to age restrictions to the general public. When concerning the United States, there seems to be statistical evidence that increasing the drinking age in 1984 has improved overall well being of people. During the 20th century, MLDA laws were drastically altered in the United States. Beginning in July 1988, the standard drinking age has been 21 throughout all of the United States. According to Surveys regarding alcohol consumption amongst high schoolers and young adults, drinking has declined since the 1970s, and the decline spiked in the early 90s. Looking at drivers that were killed between the ages 16 to 20, percentages with positive BACs went down from 61% in 1982 to 31% in 1995. Many studies conducted that analyzed the effects of drinking age changes revealed that an MLDA of 21 reduced alcohol consumption, alcohol abuse, drinking and driving, and alcohol related car accidents among youths. Still there is much underage drinking that still goes on, but increased enforcement of drinking age laws can limit underage drinking. R ecent attempts to lower drinking age to 18 and use alcohol education as a means of condemning misuse of alcohol have proven to show no evidence that education programs can have any effect on people, compared to the effect that the MLDA-21 has on people[1]. In regards to driving concerns, studies strongly suggest reducing the drinking age to 18 will dramatically increase driving under the influence and alcohol related car accidents resulting in death. One of the most favorable advantages of increasing the drinking age requirement was to reduce car accidents. When analyzing drivers between the ages of 16 and 20 years, the percentage testing for positive BACs went down from 61 in 1982, all the way to 31 in 1995. In a 1975 study, it showed that reducing the consumption age to 18 in two U.S. states and a Canadian province increased deadly crashes among individuals below 21 years old, juxtaposed with contiguous states where drinking ages werent altered. A 2001 report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that gathered the results of 33 studies reported 10 to 16 percent differences in end results for drivers 18-20 years old in alcohol related accidents. Amount of accidents went up when drinking ages were dropped and declined whe n ages went up. The impacts were unfluctuating during follow-up time periods ranging from 7 months to years. According to national roadside breath surveys, people driving at night on the weekends show an estimated 74% fall in blood alcohol concentrations of 0.05 percent or more when looking at individuals below the age of 21 during the period of 1973 to 1996. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration agrees that drinking age requirements should remain the same, stating earlier this year that adopting 21 policies in all states has saved more than 26,000 lives since the mid-1970s, including 4,441 lives amid the past 5 years. This finding is based on studies that found an average reduction of 13 percent in deadly crashes involving drivers 18-20 years old when drinking ages were increased. On the other hand, studies published by the Institute and others in 1983 found reductions in crashes regarding young drivers who were impacted by states going back to the age of 21. Many stud ies since then confirms the lifesaving benefits of 21 as the minimum drinking age. For example, in 1999 New Zealand reduced the consumption age from 20 to 18. A study that was published during 2006 revealed that accident injury rates among 18-19 year old men were 12 percent higher than expected after the policy was altered, based on comparisons with 20-24 year olds. The respective increase was even bigger for 18-19 year old females, at 51 percent, and higher injury rates also were seen for 15-17 year olds[2]. The MLDA or Minimum Legal Drinking age laws state the age at which a person can legally purchase and consume alcohol. The current MLDA in the United States is 21 years of age, however prior to the National Minimum Drinking Act of 1984, the legal drinking age varied from state to state. After every state acquired an age 21 MLDA, alcohol consumption during the prior month declined among individuals ages 18 to 20 from 59 percent in 1985 to 40 percent in 1991. Drinking declined dramatically for people ages 21 to 25 after the states adopted the age 21 MLDA, going from 70 percent in 1985 to 56 in 91. States that increased their legal drinking age to 21 saw a 16 % average decrease in car accidents. The chances for dropping out of high school were 13 times greater for states with a legal age of 18 in comparison with states with an age of 21[3]. The drinking age limit is based on research that reveals that young people act differently to alcohol than adults do. Teens get drunk twice as fast as adults do and do not know their limits of when to stop. Teens instinctively overdo drinking and binge more than adul ts do. By enforcing the drinking age of 21, it reduces car accidents, protects youths maturing brain from being negatively affected, and keeps younger people safer overall. Back when states had a lower legal drinking age in the U.S., the underage drinking problem was worse. Prior to the enactment of the MLDA of 21 in all states, underage age intoxicated drivers were involved in over twice as many fatal crashes as today. Although some may argue that since Europe has a lower drinking age they appear to be far better off than the United States. However, Studies show that Europe has worse problems in regards to drinking alcohol; Compared to America, Europe has more underage drinking, sexual abuse, injuries and problems in school due to alcohol. Due to easier access to alcohol in Europe, it increases the proportion of youths who drink alcohol in Europe[4]. Contrasted and an extensive variety of different projects and endeavors to lessen drinking among youngsters, expanding the legitimate age for buy and utilization of liquor to 21 seems to have been the best push to date (contrast examines condensed in Table I and studies refered to in surveys of other avoidance endeavors, for example, Moskowitz [1989] and Gorman and Speer [1996]). The extent of impacts of t he age-21 arrangement may seem little, especially in studies utilizing frail research plans and having low levels of measurable power. Be that as it may, even unassuming impacts connected to the whole populace of youth result in vast societal advantages. For instance, the National Highway Traffic Security Administration, utilizing a normal evaluated lessening in movement fatalities because of the legitimate drinking time of 13%, ascertains that the age-21 strategy averted 846 passings in 1997 and kept an aggregate of 17,359 passings since 1975 (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1998). An expansive extent of investigations of the MLDA found a factually critical, converse relationship between the MLDA and liquor utilization and liquor related issues (48% of the higher quality reviews). Just a modest number of studies found a measurably huge, positive relationship between the MLDA and different results (1% of the higher quality reviews). Countless found no measurably noteworthy relationship. Notwithstanding contrasts in nature of research plan and examinations, a few different components may represent changeability in results over considers, including size of test and degree of progress in strategy. The ability to identify a factually huge impact is straightforwardly affected by the span of the example. In a few states, the MLDA was raised just 1 year, from age 20 to age 21; in different states it was raised from age 18 to 21. Investigations of strategy changes that influence littler fragments of the populace might be less inclined to identify impacts just due to lessened factual power while examining less information. Given potential plan and investigation constraints in any single review, the huge extent of MLDA studies that found a huge backwards association with different results gives solid support for the adequacy of the MLDA. It is hard to gauge precisely the impacts of the drinking age particularly on undergrads. Tragically, most reviews concentrating on undergrads have been based on weaker cross-sectional outlines or constrained nonprobability tests. Just 9% of the school particular reviews (6 of 64) utilized a higher quality research plan. Of these higher quality thinks about, none found a factually huge opposite relationship between the MLDA and utilization or liquor related issues. Moreover, of these 6 investigations, 4 incorporated an example of understudies at just a single college. Despite the fact that it is conceivable that the age-21 strategy has been less successful on school grounds than among the general youth populace, existing exploration plainly does not propose that the age -21 MLDA has expanded issues among school understudies. In any case, more reviews that utilization powerful research plans would be expected to evaluate precisely the impact of the MLDA particularly on school grounds. Also, investigations of potential intervening elements on grounds are too required. For instance, how well are MLDA laws upheld on school grounds? How effortlessly can underage understudies get liquor close by grounds? In the event that one accept that the MLDA is less viable on school grounds, maybe it is because of careless requirement and especially simple access to liquor by underage youth in such settings. At long last, regardless of advance in late decades, generally youth keep on having access to liquor, most drink at any rate once in a while, whats more, a significant part routinely get to be distinctly inebriated. The social expenses from wounds, passings and harm related with underage drinking stay high. The advantages of the lawful drinking age of 21 have happened with almost no dynamic authorization in many ranges. Just by expanding implementation levels and discouraging grown-ups from offering on the other hand giving liquor to minors, significantly more wounds and passi ngs identified with liquor use among youth are probably going to be kept every year[5]. On the Contrary, lowering the age might not be a bad idea also, considering the limited impact that raising the legal age has on society and its individuals. Raising the MLDA does not stop underage people from consuming alcohol. Implementing a higher drinking age forces underage consumers to drink in secrecy and, in adolescents cases, without adult supervision from their elders. Roughly 90% of the drinking done by people between 18 to 20 years old is done in an irresponsible manner, that being binge drinking. Lowering the MLDA to 18 would allow for parents to teach their children how to drink responsibly, as opposed to drinking in private and being exposed to unsafe drinking habits. In the United States, a person is legally considered an adult at 18, making them liable for their own being and the choices that they make. If an adult is allowed to handle all the responsibilities and decisions for themselves such as entering the armed forces, voting, marrying, and even serving the jury, it is irrational for a so called adult not to be able to make the conscious and responsible decision for themselves to consume alcohol[7]. The legitimate drinking age ought to be brought down to around 18 or 19 and youthful grown-ups permitted to drink in controlled situations, for example, eateries, bars, bars and authority school and college capacities. In these circumstances capable drinking could be instructed through part displaying and instructive projects. Develop and sensible drinking conduct would be normal. This feeling is based upon research that I have been included in for more than a quarter century school age youth and the historical backdrop of savoring the United States and different societies. In spite of the fact that the lawful buy age is 21 years old, a larger part of understudies under this age devour liquor yet in a reckless way. This is on the grounds that drinking by these young is viewed as a tempting illegal natural product, an identification of insubordination to expert and an image of adulthood. As a country we have attempted preclusion enactment twice in the past for controlling flippant dri nking issues. This was amid National Prohibition in the 1920s and state disallowance amid the 1850s. These laws were at long last canceled in light of the fact that they were unenforceable and on the grounds that the reaction towards them brought about other social issues. Today we are rehashing history and committing similar errors that happened previously. Restriction did not work then and disallowance for youngsters less than 21 years old is not working at this point.The displaying of the present laws is promptly observed among college understudies. Those less than 21 years old will probably be overwhelming here and there called orgy consumers (devouring more than 5 drinks in any event once per week). For instance, 22% of all understudies under 21 contrasted with 18% more than 21 years old are substantial consumers. Among consumers just, 32% of under age contrasted with 24% of legitimate age are substantial consumers. Explore from the mid 1980s until the present has demonstrated a ceaseless abatement in drinking and driving related factors which has parallel the nations, and furthermore college understudies, diminish in per capita utilization. Be that as it may, these decreases began in 1980 under the steady gaze of the national 1987 law which com manded states to have 21 year old liquor buy laws. The reduction in drinking and driving issues are the aftereffect of many variables and not only the ascent in buy age or the diminished per capita utilization. These include: training concerning tipsy driving, assigned driver programs, expanded safety belt and air sack utilization, more secure vehicles, bring down speed limits, free taxi administrations from drinking foundations, and so forth.While there has been an abatement in per capita utilization and engine vehicle crashes, sadly, amid this same day and age there has been an INCREASE in different issues identified with overwhelming and flighty drinking among school age youth. The greater part of these announced practices indicated little change until AFTER the 21 year old law in 1987. For instance from 1982 until 1987 around 46% of understudies revealed retching subsequent to drinking. This hopped to more than half after the law change. Noteworthy increment were likewise found for different factors: playing hooky in the wake of drinking hopped from 9% to very nearly 12%; missing class due to aftereffect went from 26% to 28%; getting lower review due to drinking ascended from 5% to 7%; and been in a battle in the wake of drinking expanded from 12% to 17%. These practices are files of unreliable drinking. This expansion in harsh drinking conduct is because of underground drinking outside of grown-up supervision in understudy rooms and lofts were same age people gather and due to absence of learning of dependable drinking practices. Based upon the way that our present preclusion laws are not working, the requirement for option comes closer from the experience of other, and more antiquated societies, who dont have these issues should be attempted. Gatherings, for example, Italians, Greeks, Chinese and Jews, who have few drinking related issues, tend to share some normal qualities. Liquor is neither seen as a toxic substance or an enchantment intense, there is next to zero social weight to drink, flighty conduct is never endured, youngsters take in at home from their folks and from different grown-ups how to deal with liquor in a capable way, there is societal accord on what constitutes capable drinking. Since the 21 year old drinking age law is not working, and is counterproductive, it profits us as a country to change our present restriction law and to educate capable drinking systems for the individuals who expended mixed refreshments[8]. On April 14, 1982, President Reagan set up the Presidential Commission Against Drunk Driving (PCDD). This commission built up 39 suggestions to control what was seen to be a plastered driving pandemic. Taken together, the 39 proposals were expected to be far reaching approach with an object ive of lessening the quantity of liquor related passings on the countrys roadways. Proposal number eight concerned the Minimum Legal Purchasing Age, and said that all states ought to raise their drinking age to 21, keeping in mind that they lose a specific rate of government roadway dollars. In spite of the fact that the objective of the Commissions proposals was planned to be inebriated driving over the grown-up populace, the unbalanced measure of consideration paid to building up 21 as the national least drinking age moved the countrys concentration to youngsters drinking. Select enthusiasm for raising the drinking age underestimated the impact of the rest of the 38 proposals, among them recommendations to execute youth instruction programs, build up an enormous open data crusade, and to expand punishments for indicted plastered drivers. Regarding liquor hindered driving and related fatalities, a current NHTSA concentrate that looked at DUI laws in the United States to those in pr actically identical countries, for example, the European Union States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and Brazil, found that the United States had the most noteworthy extent of activity fatalities that were liquor related among the 12 nations detailing information. A similar review found that the United States has the most elevated lawful BAC confine for hindered driving-.10 at the season of production (2000)- and generally careless requirement when contrasted with countries like Australia, New Zealand, Sweden, and Spain where obligatory irregular breath testing and temperance checkpoints were accounted for to be visit and common. The legitimate drinking age of all nations in the report was 18, with Japan and Canada being the main special cases. Japan sets 20 as its legitimate farthest point, while the lawful savoring age Canada is 19 in all areas aside from Alberta, Quebec, and Manitoba, where individuals can drink legitimately at age 18. In both the here and now and the long haul, liquor impacts the juvenile mind in courses not quite the same as the grown-up cerebrum. Puberty, extensively characterized as the second decade of life, neurologically stretches out until the age of 25. In a condition of liquor hindrance (here and now impacts), the immature cerebrum is debilitated in routes like the grown-up mind however to contrasting degrees. In different creature explores, the immature mind demonstrates more prominent liquor prompted weakness of memory recovery and engraving abilities than the grown-up cerebrum. This is to state that the immature mind is more regrettable at recollecting things while intoxicated, and recalling things that happened while tipsy. Contrastingly, the pre-adult mind is less weakened in engine ability control than the grown-up cerebrum. That is, the youthful cerebrum keeps up a more elevated amount of adjust, response time, and deftness while under an indistinguishable level of weakness from a grown-up mind. Since it is unscrupulous to supply liquor to those beneath the savoring age a lab setting, specialists are compelled to utilize rats for exploratory trials. Any use of these discoveries to people is fundamentally to some degree theoretical. Concerning long haul impacts, exploratory rodent lab confirm demonstrates that rehashed introduction to liquor amid youthfulness prompts to enduring shortfalls in psychological capacities, including learning and memory. Comes about because of human reviews are less evident. Cerebrum outputs and estimations of liquor influenced regions of the mind in youthful young people with liquor mishandle scatters indicate bring down rates of mind action amid memory errands and less created mind structures than in non-drinking peers. In spite of the fact that the outcomes are disturbing, they are steady with discoveries from more established, non-juvenile subjects. Subsequently, the intellectual deficiencies credited to liquor use in teenagers are demonstrative not of liquors extraordinary impact amid young people, but rather of the outcomes of overwhelming liquor utilize all the more by and large. Many reviews affirm that since the drinking age was institutionalized at 21 in 1984, the general number of liquor related fatalities for those matured 18-20 has diminished. In any case, this example of decay started in the mid 1970s, years before section of the National Minimum Drinking Age Act. In spite of the fact that associations like MADD case the 21 year-old drinking age has spared more than 21,000 lives since the mid-1980s, its is difficult to attest a circumstances and end results relationship between the adjustment in the law and the decrease in liquor related movement fatalities; numerous different elements, for example, more secure vehicles and more stringent tipsy driving laws have assumed an unquestionably imperative part (see beneath). A few researchers have additionally introduced the imperative contention that while passings out and about may have declined pointedly among 18-20 year-olds in the years taking after establishment of the 21 year-old drinking age, the slowest rate of decay and most prominent number of yearly fatalities is seen every year in the 21-24 age amass. In 2002, for instance, twice the same number of 21 year-olds kicked the bucket in liquor related car collisions as 18 year-olds. Such a stunning measurement says a lot: an arrangement that cases to spare a large number of every year may essentially be re-appropriating passings over the life cycle to the time when it gets to be distinctly lawful to drink liquor-age 21. Amid the 1990s, authoritative changes, expanded law requirement, harder indictment and discipline, exceedingly obvious promotion, and state funded training were all parts of the war on intoxicated driving. Other administrative changes, for example, compulsory safety belt laws, bring down BAC limits, and stricter principles on vehicle security benchmarks can likewise be credited. The decrease in liquor related fatalities found in the United States in the course of the last over two decades is inferable from a blend of components, including yet not restricted to more secure vehicles, expanded open consciousness of the threat of smashed driving, utilization of assigned drivers-a term that did not exist in the before the drinking age was raised-balance checkpoints, zero-resistance laws for youthful drivers, and by and large more stringent implementation of liquor disabled driving laws have prompted to the lessening found in rates of inebriated driving and related passings. Truth be told, a considerable lot of these changes can be followed to the 39 suggestions introduced by the Presidential Commission Against Drunk Driving in 1982. As indicated by an investigation by NHTSA, seat straps and air sacks have had an immeasurably more prominent impact in counteracting fatalities than the 21 year-old drinking age; for instance, in 2002 and 2003 alone, more lives out an d about were spared by the utilization of seat straps and airbags than there were in the whole history of the 21 year-old drinking age. Mediations in the course of recent years have succeeded not just in decreasing the frequency of disabled driving and the accidents and fatalities that can come about because of it, additionally in changing the standards identified with driving in the wake of drinking. Tipsy driving is no longer for the most part acknowledged in the public arena, offering ascend to assigned drivers and less plastered drivers on todays streets[9].