Compare and Contrast Marr and Nishihara’s and Biederman’s...

Option 2 Compare and contrast Marr and Nishihara’s and Biederman’s theories of object recognition. How well do they explain how we are able to recognize three dimensional objects despite changes in viewing angle? Humphreys and Bruce (1989) proposed a model of object recognition that fits a wider context of cognition. According to them, the recognition of objects occurs in a series of stages. First, sensory input is generated, leading to perceptual classification, where the information is compared with previously stored descriptions of objects. Then, the object is recognized and can be semantically classified and subsequently named. This approach is, however, over-simplified. Other theories like Marr and Nishihara’s and Biederman’s†¦show more content†¦This description is then matched against those stored in memory. According to Biedermann, geons are detected on the basis of non-accidental properties such as collinearity, symmetry and parallelism. Like Marr and Nishihara, Biedermann sustains that primitives are invariant under changes in viewpoint. Similarly, both theories are supported by research. Lawson and Humphreys (1996), for example, showed that recognition is affected more by tilt of major axis (foreshortening) than any other rotation, which endorses Marr’s and Nishihara prediction that establishing a central axis is crucial to the process of recognition. Warrington and Taylor (1978) reported that brain damaged patients could recognize objects presented in a typical view only. These patients found difficult to say if two photographs presented simultaneously were the same object when one image was a typical view and the other an unusual view. Although this could be explained as the patient’s inability to transform a 2D version of the atypical view into a 3D model, it could also be due to difficulty in establishing the central axis or due to some features of the object being hidden. In a later study, Humphreys and Riddoch (1984) used images where either the axis had been foreshortened through rotation or a c ritical feature was hidden. They found that patients had more problems recognizing the images with a foreshortened axis than the ones where a critical feature was hidden. Their

How Bangladesh is affected by flooding Free Essays

Flooding is a huge problem for the people in Bangladesh and the problems continue to have negative and positive effects on the people, property and land/environment. The negatives of flooding; There are many different types of floods that Bangladesh suffers from and these are; flash floods; where there is an extreme amount of rainfall effecting both upland areas and over time low land areas. This type of flood has a huge affect on property as it can wash it away completely destroying it and also flooding crops and killing them, this type of flooding will also deposit lots of sediment so the river bed will rise making the river easier to flood. We will write a custom essay sample on How Bangladesh is affected by flooding or any similar topic only for you Order Now River floods are where high amounts of rain and melted snow from the Himalayas completely flood the river and also the floodplain, the water can not be contained so flows over lands which is usually not protected, this again damages crops by flooding them and also ruining the land for future use as farm land. This type of flooding will also damage or even destroy property and in extreme cases entire settlements which in turn will also kill people if they do not evacuate quick enough. Rainwater floods are where there are again extreme amounts of rainfall and there is too much surface water and land is flooded. This can kill cattle, people and destroy farmland and crops which people need for their livelihoods. For example of crop destruction, in 1987 and 1988 rice production on a country scale was largely disrupted due to extreme floods. Even if engineering is successful and floods are controlled there is the negative effects that the country gets further into debt and a lot of the flood controls do not fit in with the natural environment so is an eye sore. Methods of flood control also effect farming in certain areas as they block irrigation of water so many farmers are complaining as they are not getting the water needed to grow crops for their livelihood. The worst effected areas of flooding are the coast as many people live here and this is where flooding is most extensive, many people are killed damage to property and farm land is huge so this disrupts the local economy. In the floods of 1991 flooding was that hard that waves were 7 metres high and this brought wind speeds of 225 km/h. people had to climb trees to evade the floods but over 150 000 people were drowned and 500 000 cattle were lost along with vast damage to settlements, electricity, roads and fishing. Deforestation is another big factor that is negative as this destroys trees that are vital for the world and also does not allow interception to occur so the snow melting from the Himalayas is coming directly to Bangladesh with nothing sopping it. As there is little knowledge and little communication available people can not prepare and are defenceless. With the vast amounts of chemicals and diseases in the Ganges, flooding just spreads this all around the country contaminating drinking water and brings huge problems that need huge amount of medical care so calls for the worlds charities to help. You can read also Waves There are very little positive effects of flooding as floods bring so much destruction. The positives though are; due to vast amounts of deposition the silt that is deposited is high in fertility so ‘repairs’ the soil so can be used in the future making it good for crops to grow in. also the vast amounts of water, when controlled can be irrigated for the crops rice and jute which require a large amount of water to grow. This in turn helps re – boost the local economy and gets the farmers back to their usual livelihood. Finally in cases of extreme flooding where the world is made aware, it can show the kindness of countries by the help they donate and the medical care made available to help restore the country to normal. Although there will always be social, economic, and humane problems with flooding the key is for the country to recover as quick as possible with the least effects and damage done to the country and its people. How to cite How Bangladesh is affected by flooding, Papers

Information Resources Management

Question: Provide an overview of how your selected company uses these information resources to build their marketing decision support systems and customer relationship management (CRM) environment. Answer: Domestic and International presence of Kelloggs Company Kelloggs Company is a huge public company selling wide array of cereal, frozen foods, snacks and particularly famous for its product Kelloggs cornflakes. The company operates in more than 180 countries across the globe. In May 2012, the brand grew larger with their acquisition of principle business from Procter and Gamble. While in September, the Kelloggs company expand their global footprint by the announcement of their joint venture with Wilmar International Ltd at China (Che, 2014). The acquisition of Kelloggs with the Russian company United Bakery significantly boosted the companys presence in Eastern Europe. In addition, Kelloggs has also entered small-acquisition with Shandong Navigable food company Ltd at China to serve its purpose to broaden its consumer base in the emerging market.The key acquisition of kelloggs in the domestic market in US include IndyBake products LLC, Brownie products company, Cookie Co. Mothers Cake, Bear Naked Inc takes place over a period of 2006-2010 has significantly increased the companys presence in the domestic market. Companys vision and execution of strategy The vision of Kelloggs company is to delight and enrich the world through its food and development of brand image on this legacy. The company aims to nourish families and children so that they can thrive and lead a healthy life. Kellogg Company significantly focus on developing products that are grain-based and compact of essential nutrients (Gaviria, 2012). The healthy initiatives by Kelloggs are an effective strategy that intensify its brand image and encourage customers buy their products. The execution of strategy by Kelloggs is done through its corporate social responsibility and development of business in a responsible manner that is sensitive to all the needs of its consumers (Bakir, 2014). Moreover, the company implement Blue Ocean strategy and its execution considers the following: Product innovation to develop and capture new demand and target market Target distinctive market segment i.e. focus on health conscious consumers Emphasize on constant increase in market share through acquisition with small and large size companies. Kelloggs plan to growth and service to its customers Kelloggs record the data of past purchase by their existing customers and contact new customers to gain information about their purchase behaviour and consumer preferences. Based on this information, Kelloggs deliver customized products and services to fit the specific needs of consumers (Navickaite, 2011). For instance, the introduction of Kelloggs special K benefits the diet needs of consumers, grain-based cereals and breakfast food for customers who are health concern. Kelloggs mainly implements three strategies for its growth. They are: Target the existing customers and encourage them to increase their spending and purchase on the brand. By utilizing the information of customer purchase behaviour, Kelloggs develop wide arrays of products that would fit the needs of their existing customers which in turn increase their purchase Target the customers of competitors and persuade them to switch brand. Kelloggs implement differentiation strategy and cost leadership in order to attain large group of target customers specially the competitors customers ( Kelloggs cornflakes and other cereals gives competitive advantage to the company which no other industry rivals can imitate. Kelloggs develop cost leadership by offering unique price rates for its quality products much less than the cost offered by its competitors Encourage the non-category users to consume the category product and select their brand ( Kelloggs influence purchase behaviour of non-category consumers to choose their product through healthy initiatives and awareness programs of Kelloggs benefits. Information sources of Kelloggs company With the focus to meet the global needs of customers, Kelloggs rely on wide range of its suppliers, contractors, manufacturers, consultants, distributors, partners of joint ventures and agents. Kelloggs forms collaborative business with the aforementioned stakeholders to gain insight and information about the industry. The growth and corporate responsibility of Kelloggs are not mutually exclusive (Jackson et al.2015). Hence, Kelloggs derive information from the company researchers and Kelloggs business analyst and subsequently meet the aspects of corporate responsibility. The CRM by Kellogg consider nutrition of consumers, diversity in workplace, employee welfare, environmental performance and sustainable agriculture. With the changing demographics of customer base and workforce diversity that acts as an key information resource to understand and meet the needs of customers. Market research and competitor analysis help the firm to discover and identify consumer needs and wide array of issues such as, their views on company products, packaging, and prices, recent advertising campaigns (Supriya et al. 2014). This helps the organization to make their marketing decisions. Market segment of Kelloggs Kelloggs company mainly target the health conscious people ranging from women who are employed or homemakers, mainly between the age 25-50. Kelloggs special K is aimed at women who are constantly trying to lose their weight, since according to the market research 23.5% of women diet regularly as compared to 12.9% of men (Jones, 2011). With the increasing popularity and demand of health food, Kelloggs cornflakes grab the interest of majority population in Europe and Asia-Pacific. Kelloggs cornflakes is targeted as the healthy breakfast cereal for children, young teenagers, middle age population and aged people as well. According to the recent statistics, the level of obesity level at UK is found to be 31.3% at women and men are less prone to obesity ( 24.8%). Hence, the Kelloggs special K is highly favoured in UK which enable the brand to expand its customer base. In addition, with the current growth rate, the cereal market in UK is anticipated to thrive in future (Morrisette Hatfield, 2014). This statistics support immense market potential for Kelloggs and encourage its vast segmentation with products like Kelloggs all-Bran and own label Kelloggs Brand flakes (22% of the market segment), Kelloggs fruit and Fibre(11%), Kelloggs Special K (34%), Kelloggs cornflakes (61%), Kelloggs rice crispies and Coco Pops. Integrated market communication of Kelloggs Ready-to-eat cereal is the largest category of packaged food marketed directly towards the children. Kelloggs consistently position Nutri-gain as the energy food for boys particularly focuses on them who wants to grow as successful athletes (Fernandes, 2013). The integrated market communication by Kelloggs focus to build a strong association between Nutri-Grain cereal and success in sport let the boys to perceive Nutri-Grain as their essential daily diet to a point that goes beyond the dietary recommendations. Integrated marketing communications refers to Kelloggs advertising that represents the cereal as an indispensable part of a competitive and successful preparation of athletes that enhance their perceptions (Jones, 2011). Hence, Nutri-gain is a significant product that may be perceived as an important stimulant to achieve success in sports and success which in turn enhance the appeal of cereal to male teens. The campaign of Kelloggs cornflakes and Kelloggs special K are addressed to mothers and son and analogous to support health with Nutritional energy food (Malhotra, 2014). Integrated marketing communication focus on emotional appeal and target the potential anxieties of parents who desire to give best nutrition to their children. Promotion mix of Kelloggs Kelloggs promote its product through advertising and attractive packaging. The company make use of bright package in order to distinguish its products from its rivals in the industry. Kelloggs design its package to appeal both the children and adult. Advertisement is the key mesium of promoting its product. Television is the main medium for advertising (Rhoads Conwell, 2014). The companys promotional campaigns, like Drop a jeans size challenge increase its sales extensively that encourage consumers to have a bowl of cereal in their breakfast in lose weight. Kelloggs encourage its customers to provide feedback through the printed phone number on every wrapper of product (Che, 2014). This is also a strategy of promotion that enhances brand value. Kelloggs being a leading cereal brand makes use of online discussion forums and chat rooms where consumers can attain pre-purchase knowledge and also can share their post-purchase feedback. Online forums helps to spread electronic word of mouth thus targeting a large group of customers across the globe (Gaviria, 2012). However, E-WOM has negative effects as well. A negative feedback about the product or brand from the dissatisfied customers can spread negative word of mouth which in turn will affect its overall sales. Communication model and promotion issues The interlink between communication model by Kelloggs and its promotion issues are considered in details below: Mass advertisement- Through Television, Crackle and Pop, Cocoa the monkey and Snap. Kelloggs spent approximately $15 million for media campaigns however, the agency cannot attain a large group of target market who spend majority of their time in internet. Direct promotions through coupons is an effective strategy however, it allows promotion only to visiting customers and not to the outside world (Diaz-Montano et al. 2014). Trade Promotions by in-store displays and samples offers in accurate information and lack in timely convey. This communication process is in able to plan promotions based on analytics. Personal selling- It induces high cost and incur problem of finding and retaining people potential customers. The most significant issue of this communication model is the inconsistency in message (Bakir, 2014). Sales person find themselves as independent from organizations and hence design their own message strategies and sales technique thus leading to disparity in sales. Role of marketing managers in promotion Identify and select the target market and decide on specific marketing strategies based on market area. Managers maximize the effectiveness of promotional strategy by significant utilization of company resources, values and policies of management, potential risk and return, etc ( Identify, develop and evaluate the marketing strategies based on characteristics of market, cost and mark up factors. Examine the financial aspects of promotional strategy such as budget of advertisement mediums , expenditures, return on investment and projections of profit and loss. The execution of marketing or promotion plan is monitored and coordinated by the marketing manager ( Moreover, control of marketing plan execution is done in three steps, I) measurement of the outcome of executed marketing plan, II) comparison of results between pre-stated objectives in the marketing plan, III) adjustment and modifications are made in marketing plan if the objectives are not achieved. Key concept of advertisement Advertisement- it is the delivery of persuasive product message to the right people (target market), at the right time and at the right place at the lowest possible cost (McNeill, 2013). Advertising is the main component of marketing management and promoted through newspapers, Magazine, banners, direct mail, Television, Internet, etc. Sales promotion- This promotion strategy adopt short-term and non-recurring methods to boost up the sales in various ways. Sales promotion offers are not available throughout the years rather counts on festive seasons, year ending and seasonal opportunities (Jackson et al. 2015).Tools of sales promotion are exchange offer, free samples, discount coupons, scratch and win offer, money back offer, etc. Public Relation- It is a significant management function that helps to establish and maintain mutual mode of communication, cooperation, understanding and acceptance between an organization and its public (Supriya et al. 2014). Tools of public relation is Propaganda, Lobbying, Campaign, etc. Reference List Che, D. (2014). What happened to Tony the Tiger?: The rise and fall of Kellogg's Cereal City USA. Gaviria, D. (2012). Fueling Better DaysRefreshing Kelloggs 106 Year Old Brand. Diaz-Montano, J., Campbell, J. F., Phillips, T. W., Throne, J. E. (2014). Evaluation of potential attractants for Liposcelis bostrychophila (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae).Journal of economic entomology,107(2), 867-874. Bakir, B. (2014). Kellogg's" To Go" Breakfast-Shake at the Danish Market. Navickaite, I. (2011).Psychological contract in the context of the wider organisational system. Challenges and opportunities in Kellog's company(Doctoral dissertation, Dublin, National College of Ireland). Trehan, K., Singh, G. K. (2013). Deceptive Practices in Indian Advertising: A Content Analysis of Print and Television Advertisements Violating the Guidelines of Advertising Standard Council of India.International Journal of Business Ethics in Developing Economies,2(1), 30. McNeill, L. (2013). Sales promotion in Asia: successful strategies for Singapore and Malaysia.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics,25(1), 48-69. Jackson, M., Harrison, P., Swinburn, B., Lawrence, M. (2015). 17. Marketing ethics in context: the promotion of unhealthy foods and beverages to children.Handbook on Ethics and Marketing, 354. Supriya, N., Vasudha, T. J., Yadav, P. J. (2014). Social Networking-An Influencer of Brand Promotion.International Journal of Innovative Research and Development,3(12). Jones, E. (2011). An empirical estimation of price sensitivity differences among inner-city and suburban consumers: A look at breakfast cereals.Journal of Innovative Marketing,7(4), 71-92. Morrisette, S., Hatfield, L. (2014). Batter Blaster.Journal of the International Academy for Case Studies,20(3), 25. Fernandes, S. (2013). A Case Study Approach On Indian Companies And Global Companies Entry In Foreign MarketsAn Analysis Of Glocalization Strategies.Journal Of Business Management Social Sciences Research,2(1), 30-39. Jones, E. (2011). Measuring Price Sensitivity Differences for Inner-City and Suburban Consumers: An Analysis of Breakfast Cereals with Supermarket Scanner Data. In2011 Annual Meeting, July 24-26, 2011, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania(No. 103892). Agricultural and Applied Economics Association. Malhotra, S. (2014). A Study on Marketing Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG).International Journal of Innovative Research and Development,3(1). Rhoads, G. B., Conwell, W. Y. (2014).U.S. Patent Application 14/152,925.