The Authenticity of Hecate in Macbeth Essay -- Macbeth essays

The Authenticity of Hecate in Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   The authenticity issue of Macbeth's Hecate endures. Recent critics still argue about whether the scenes are Shakespearean, why they are or are not, and what the implications are one way or the other. Some critics cling to the authenticity of the Folio while others wave their copies of Middleton's "The Witch" in protest. The modern director and reader then will find no clear direction to read or not to read from textual scholarship. Instead, would-be travellers to the world of Macbeth had better consider their options and ask specifically: what does Hecate add with her appearance and how do these additions impact the play?    Some critics have made the mistake of trying to dismiss Hecate as a fetching song-and-dance girl. In his Introduction to Macbeth, editor Kenneth Muir remarks: "The Hecate passages were clearly invented to introduce the songs and Middleton is usually blamed for these insertions" (xxxiii). But more recent critics like Henri Suhamy take umbrage with both the form and the substance of this argument. Suhamy notes: "the direction printed in italics in the Folio, after line 33 (III,v)--"Musicke, and a Song"--does not mention any identifiable song, contrary to what is indicated by most editors" (274). Stallybrass seems also to believe that Hecate is there to dance, but at least he credits her with a particularly important number: "the dance of Hecate and the six Witches gives a concrete dramatization of the 'deed without a name' (IV.i.49) which reverses the whole order of 'Nature'" (200). What Hecate's interpolation really supplies, however, is order and much more: balance, authority, direct ion, and reason are all part of the substance she provides.    .. ...ologie." In Minor Prose Works. Ed. James Craigie. Edinburgh: Scottish Text Society, 1982. Muir, Kenneth. "Introduction." In Macbeth. Ed. Kenneth Muir. New York: Routledge, 1992. Palmer, D.J. "'A new Gorgon': visual effects in Macbeth." In Focus on Macbeth. Ed. John Russell Brown. Boston: Routledge, 1982. Perkins, William. The Damned Art of Witchcraft. (xeroxed copy) Shakespeare, William. Macbeth. Ed. Kenneth Muir. New York: Routledge, 1992. Stallybrass, Peter. "Macbeth and Witchcraft." In Focus on Macbeth. Ed. John Russell Brown. Boston: Routledge, 1982. Suhamy, Henry. "The Authenticity of the Hecate Scenes in Macbeth : Arguments and Counter-Arguments." In French Essays on Shakespeare and His Contemporaries: 'What Would France With Us?" Ed. Jean Marie Maguin and Michele Willems. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 1995.   

Medical expenses †deductibility in personal income taxation

Federal Income tax code specifies the generally deductible expenses in the personal taxation of an individual which include medical expenses, certain taxes, mortgage interest, investment interest and charitable contributions. These deductions mentioned in the chapter are known as itemized deductions. It has to be noted that any expenditures not specifically allowed as itemized deductions are not allowable against the personal income subject to tax. Medical expenses paid out by the taxable individual on himself, spouse and dependents are allowed as an itemized deduction. The additional points to be noted are that the deduction is allowed only to the extent to which the medical expenses are not reimbursed and the deduction is limited to 7.5% of the taxpayers Adjusted Gross Income. 1.0   DEFINITION OF MEDICAL EXPENSES The definition of medical expenses is very broad to cover not only the expenses incurred for the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of the disease but also covers expenses incurred for preventive health cover and costs of periodic physical and dental examinations of the taxpayer. The important point here is that such deductions are allowed even when the taxpayer is in good health. Hence, such medical expenses incurred for the treatment of diseases affecting any structure or function of the body are termed as medical expenses for the purpose of assessing the income for tax purposes. 2.0   COSMETIC SURGERY-DEDUCTIBILITY Expenses incurred for Cosmetic Surgery are deductible when the surgery is necessary to ameliorate a deformity arising from a congenial abnormality or a personal injury or A disfiguring disease. Any medical expenses incurred on cosmetic surgery for purposes other than those which are unnecessary are not deductible. For example, fees paid to a cosmetic surgeon for a face lift of a person of 75 years age to improve his appearance is unnecessary and hence not deductible. But the cost of restoring the face by cosmetic surgery, which is disfigured in an accident, is deductible. 3.0   DEDUCTIBILITY OF CERTAIN OTHER EXPENSES 4.1 COSTS INCURRED IN A NURSING HOME/HOME FOR AGED When a person is admitted in a nursing home or home for the aged primarily to get medical care, then the expenses incurred for the nursing home expenses including meals and lodging are allowable as a deduction. However if the primary concern for being admitted to the nursing home or the home for aged is personal, only the expenses paid for medical or cursing is deductible, whereas, costs of lodging and meals are not deductible. 4.2 TUITION EXPENSES When a dependent is sent to a school having special resources for alleviating the infirmities caused by mental or physical disability, the tuition expenses paid to the school is an allowable deduction. In such cases, the cost of meals and lodging in addition to the tuition fees is allowable. 4.3 MEDICAL EXPENSES INCURRED FOR SPOUSE AND DEPENDENTS A taxpayer is entitled to claim the deduction in his adjusted gross income of the medical expenses incurred by him on his/her spouse and for a person who is dependent on him/her at the time such expenses were incurred. Again the dependency is to be determined on the basis of certain criteria as spelt out in the Act and the schedules. 4.4 EXPENSES INCURRED ON TRANSPORTATION, MEALS AND LODGING FOR MEDICAL TREATMENT Transportation costs like bus, taxi, train or plane fare, charges for ambulance services and out of pocket expenses for the use of an automobile for commuting to and from a point of treatment for medical care are deductible. The taxpayer is entitled to choose either a mileage allowance or actual out-of-pocket automobile expenses. Deduction is allowed for the related parking fees and toll charges, whereas the cost of meals, en route are not allowed as a deduction. Similarly the cost of transportation of a parent accompanying a sick child or a nurse or other attendant accompanying a person who is traveling to get medical care is allowable, provided it is so that the patient can not travel alone and needs an aid to accompany during the journey. The Lodging expenses which are incurred essentially for medical care, when the medical care is provided by a doctor in a licensed hospital or clinic are allowed as deduction. No lavish or extravagant lodging expenses involving significant element of personal pleasure recreation or vacation in the travel away from home is allowed as deduction. The limit for such lodging expenses eligible for deduction is $50 per night for the patient as well as the person who must accompany the patient. 4.5 ALLOWABILITY MEDICAL INSURANCE PREMIUMS AS DEDUCTION The maximum limit of 7.5 % of the adjusted gross income of the taxpayer allowable as deduction include the medical insurance premiums, irrespective of the fact that such premiums are paid under a group or individual plan. When the medical insurance premium is paid by the employer such premium is not included in the income of the taxpayer and it cannot be included in the employee’s medical expense either. Insurance premiums paid by a self employed person are allowed as a business income. The premium paid for the spouse and dependents also qualify for deduction. Premiums paid by companies on their employees health care is allowed as business expenditure for the companies concerned. 4.0   DEDCUTION OF CAPITAL EXPENDITURES INCURRED FOR MEDICAL PURPOSES When swimming is a part of a medical treatment and there is no availability of a neighborhood pool then the capital expenses incurred on constructing such pool will become eligible for deduction. Similarly a Window Air-conditioner which is not permanent in nature, dust elimination system, elevators and a room built to house an iron lung are some of the examples of allowable capital expenditure. The basic criteria in determining the allowability of such expenditure is that they are required as medical necessity upon the advice of a doctor or physician, the facility is used primarily by the patient alone and the expenditure is reasonable. Similarly expenditure like constructing entrance and exit ramps to the residence widening hallways and doorways to accommodate wheelchair, installing support bars and railings in bathrooms and other living rooms and adjusting any electrical outlets or fixtures offer themselves eligible for deduction provided that the expenditure is incurred to enable a physically handicapped individual live independently and productively. If a capital expenditure is allowed as a medical expense, then the allowable cost is deductible in the year incurred. All these expenses are allowed subject to the overall ceiling of 7.5% of the adjusted gross income. 5.0   DEDUCTION ARE ALLOWED ON A CASH BASIS Whatever be the method of accounting adopted by the individual, the medical expenses are deductible on a cash basis. This means that the are deductible only in the year in which they are paid with an exception in the case of deceased person, when the expenses are paid within a year of death then the expenses would be deemed to have paid at the time when they are incurred. Deduction is not allowed currently for any medical expenses that is going to be incurred in the future, subject of course to the exception that the taxpayer has an obligation to pay the fees in advance under the policy of the physician or the institution furnishing the medical care.                                                          Works Cited          â€Å"Hoffman, Smith, Wills – Individual income taxes 2007 Chapter 10 pp 10-2 to 10-8 West Federal Taxation (Thomson)         

The Influence of Greek Pottery Art on Modern Art

In â€Å"Herakles writes home† we can see how Marian Maguire has used Greek mythological figures taken from ancient Greek vases and put them into the scenes of New Zealand’s colonization and conflict with Maori to show the effects of the British settlers had on the shaping of New Zealand’s fate be it negative or positive depending on the viewpoint of the viewers. The pot Maguire uses in â€Å"Herakles writes home† is a black figure Volute Krater similar in shape to the Black-figure Volute Krater made by an Anonymous Greek painter between 525  and 500  BC.The Pot shares many resemblances with the one used in Herakles writes home which lets me make the assumption that the shape of the pot in the lithograph is a Volute Krater. Both of their middle body pieces are the in shape with large top which gets smaller the further towards the bottom it goes but Black figure Volute Krater has more of a slant to where it reaches the base piece whereas the pot in Magu ire’s lithograph has a sharp change in angle where it reaches the bottom.The bottom piece in the two pots is again similar with some variation between the two. The pot in the Herakles writes home has a flatter band around the base of it which allows for it to have a decorative band in it unlike the Black figure Volute Krater. The band below the top band in the Volute Krater is practically the same in shape to the one used in the Pot in the Herakles writes home Lithograph the only difference is the Black figure Volute Krater lacks decoration there.The top band of the two pots is similar but there is a bigger difference between them than most of the other parts of the pot. In the Pot in the Herakles writes home lithograph the top band is joined at the sides to the handles whereas the Black Figure Volute Krater’s handles don’t meet at the sides of the top band they are joined to the top of the pot, The top band is similar in shape to each other though the Black Fig ure Volute Black figure Volute Krater 525-500 BC, Anonymous Greek painter.Black figure Volute Krater 525-500 BC, Anonymous Greek painter. Krater does have more of slant to it. Where the handles come out of the pot there is the biggest difference. In Herakles writes home the handles come out of the pot and keep their shape and decoration the same through the whole handle whereas the handles come out of the pot black and smaller than the ends of the handles in the Black Figure Volute Krater then change into orangey/red with patterns and thicker handles. Even with those differences t is clear that the figure of the original Black figure Volute Krater has influenced what the shape of the pot in Maguire’s lithograph and that it is clearly an Attic Volute Krater. Handle of an Attic red-figure volute-Krater, 450–440 BC depicting the double ivory leaf pattern. Handle of an Attic red-figure volute-Krater, 450–440 BC depicting the double ivory leaf pattern. The decorative feature on the pot in the Herakles writes is clearly influenced by other classical pots but Maguire has incorporated them into a unique way.The handles on the pot in the Herakles writes home lithograph are double ivy leaf but not the traditional ones you find on ancient Greek pot’s Maguire has put a twist on it by replacing the ivy leave shape with that of the Kowhai tree which is native to New Zealand (Something about what it shows about something) Another decoration in the pot that bears classical influence is the chevron pattern on the foot of the pot depicted in Maguire’s lithograph similar to the pattern around the top of the Persephone painter’s red-figure bell-Krater. 440 B. C. Red-figure Bell-Krater Attributed to the Persephone Painter 440 B. C. ; Red-figure Bell-Krater Attributed to the Persephone Painter What’s interesting about the pattern is that the leaves used are that they are olive tree leaves arranged I a way that it looks like an olive wreath. The reason Maguire has chosen to use an olive wreath in this particular artwork is that an olive wreath signifies being victorious and also peace as in the ancient Greek Olympic Games the winners of events were awarded Olive Wreaths from wild-olive leafs from a sacred tree near the temple of Zeus at Olympia.Maguire used this as a symbol because it creates a contrast between the settlers and England at that time, as Herakles was the son of Zeus it gives a family link between the figure of Herakles in place of a settler on the pot and the wreath is a symbol of Zeus who being the father of Herakles would be in the Place of Settler period England. The presence of the wreath also signifies the victory of the Maori population of new Zealand which if in the Ancient Olympic Games the two cultures, Maori and Settler, would have een awarded to the victor which in this case was the settlers, this can be backed up by the relaxed and post battle/victorious feel of the scene on the belly of the pot. Bottom of the Herakles Attacking a Centaur, Greek, Athens, about 530–520 B. C pot depicting stylised rays. Bottom of the Herakles Attacking a Centaur, Greek, Athens, about 530–520 B. C pot depicting stylised rays.The next feature on the pot on Maguire’s lithograph was stylised rays, but not as the same as the classical Greek stylised rays depict iced on the picture to the left but with a European/settler twist. Maguire has put in Settler Farming tools In the place of the classical Greek’s rays. This drastic change to what normally would have gone in there leaves us wondering why she would change this.The reason behind this would be that it shows how drastic the change the settlers bought in on New Zealand and replaced the old with their new stuff leaving little evidence of the old but its adapted style and structure. Greek pot depicting Herakles and the Nemean Lion Aegisthus Painter 470 B. C. Greek pot depicting Herakles and the Nemean Lion Ae gisthus Painter 470 B. C. Herakles was perhaps the most glorified and famous Greek hero who achieved immortality due to his feats and Maguire has used this image of Herakles to reinforce the ideas she is conveying.The idea of Herakles as his own man is perhaps the misconceived thing about him as his twelve labours were directed by Eurystheus, the king of Tiryns and Mycenae on the command of Apollo after killing his wife and children in a fit of madness Hera induced in him, but it is important to point out that even though he was under the command of Eurytheus he did it of his own free will and by completing these twelve labours he became the greatest hero in all of Greek mythology.By skilfully using Herakles in the place of settlers Maguire has given us a better understanding of the message she is conveying. One of the main things about Herakles being the Greek mythological figure Maguire used is the fact that he was an instrument to complete the tasks of Eurystheus which the settle rs were to England merely tools to complete tasks for their own benefit.In the case of Herakles he built up his own â€Å"Kleos† by completing these feats and intimidating Eurythesus causing Eurythesus to fear for his life â€Å"Amazed at his manhood, Eurystheus forbade him thenceforth to enter the city, but ordered him to exhibit the fruits of his labours before the gates. They say, too, that in his fear he had a bronze jar made for himself to hide in under the Amazed at his manhood, Eurystheus forbade him thenceforth to enter the city, but ordered him to exhibit the fruits of his labours before the gates.They say, too, that in his fear he had a bronze jar made for himself to hide in under the earth† Apollodorus, the ancient writer who collected legends in his mythology handbook, the  library, this may not be a completely true tale as Myths handed down orally and weren’t physically recorded until late after their creation which makes bits of the Myth liable t o changes because of a sort of Chinese whisper effect. This is similar to the situation with the settlers and England latter on http://art. thewalters. org/detail/13467 http://art. thewalters. org/detail/13467

Nader for President essays

Nader for President essays Well one big reason Ralph Nader should be president is because the whole left wing right wing game was a sham, Democrats and their false liberalism, Republicans and their horrible conservatism. I think we need to go to the extreme left wing, back to grassroots campaigns and honest politicians. Washington does not belong to the government, nor to the people. Washington is corporate occupied territory, Democrats and Republicans are just a facade for Big Business. They can deny it forever the fact still remains that both parties accept money from special interest groups. Unlike the rest of the Presidential hopefuls, Ralph Nader is not running his campaign based on fear. Republicans play on the fear of terrorism and Democrats play on the fear of Bush. Ralph Nader says America should vote on conscience. Would you consider making up your mind before you hear the facts an ignorant thing to do? Well thats what party politics is, a bunch of people with no opinion of their own, They are puppets that stand with their party on almost every issue. You and I both know that we are conservative about some things and liberal about others. For instance Im conserative on the issue of murder rates in the country, but Im liberal about J-walking. At the rate we are goin we wont have a country left to enjoy our freedom on, No other presidential hopeful seems to realize how Important the enviroment is except Ralph Nader. The other canidates are worried about the money, but they dont realize that ther is no economy without ecology. ...

ESL Curriculum Planning for Teaching English

ESL Curriculum Planning for Teaching English This curriculum plan for non-trained teachers of ESL/EFL focuses on building a program for your class or private students. The first part focuses on the basics of ESL. There are a few important aspects to always keep in mind while developing any curriculum, be it only a few lessons or a full course: Language skills need to be recycled many times before they are actively acquired.All language skills (reading, writing, speaking, and listening) should be involved in the learning process.Understanding grammar rules does not necessarily mean that a student can use that grammar, as students need to actively practice skills they are learning. Language Recycling An acquired language needs to be repeated in a various number of guises before it can be actively used by the student. Studies have shown that new linguistic functions need to be repeated at least six times before most learners can consider the new piece of language theirs. After six repetitions, the newly-acquired language skills are usually still only passively activated. The learner will require more repetitions before he or she will be able to use the skills actively in everyday conversation. Here is an example of language recycling using the present simple: Work on the present simple rules.Read an article about the daily routines of someone.Listen to someone who describes his or her daily tasks.Have a discussion asking him or her to describe what he or she does on a daily basis. Use All Four Skills Employing all four linguistic skills (reading, writing, listening, and speaking) when working through a lesson will help you recycle language during the lesson. Learning rules are important, but, in my opinion, practicing the language is even more important. Bringing all these aspects into a lesson will add variety to the lesson and help the learner pragmatically practice the language. Ive met many learners who can knock off a grammar sheet without a mistake and then  when asked, Could you describe your sister? they have problems. This is generally due to the emphasis in many school systems for learning grammar. Putting It All Together So, now you understand the basic tenets of teaching English effectively. You might be asking yourself the question what do I teach? When planning a course, most coursebooks build their curriculum around certain themes that help glue everything together. While this can be rather complicated, I would like to provide a simple example that develops the present simple and past simple. Use this type of outline to build your lesson and remember to provide a number of elements, including listening, reading, writing, and speaking. You will find that your lessons have a  purpose and specific objectives which are clearly definable, like helping you and your learners recognize the progress you are making. Who are you? What do you do? (Daily routines)A present simple example: What do you do? I work at Smiths. I get up at seven, etc.To be present example: Im married. Shes thirty-four.Descriptive adjectives example: I am tall. He is short.Tell me about your past. Where did you go on your last holiday?A past simple example: Where did you go on holiday when you were a child?To be past example: The weather was fantastic.Irregular verbs example: Go - went; Shine - shone Finally, the lesson generally will be divided into three principal sections. Introduction:  Introducing or reviewing grammar or function.Development: Taking that grammar and working on it in reading, listening, and other forms. This section should make up the bulk of your lesson and include a number of different activities, if possible.​Review: Review the principle concepts covered during the lesson. This can be very straightforward and either student or teacher-led, depending on the level of your learners.

Brazils Communication Essay Example for Free

Brazil’s Communication Essay Every country has unique, distinctive ways in which they interrelate and communicate with each other within their country. A country’s means of communication can be verbalized through verbal, non-verbal, and interpersonal communication channels. In the country of Brazil most people are not Hispanic but Latino, although many immigrant communities are from Europe, Africa, and Japan. The official language spoken in Brazil is Portuguese; however, Spanish, English, and French are other languages that are also spoken in Brazil. When greeting they expect a firm handshake with strong eye contact. When doing business in Brazil don’t be taken aback if they stand very close to you when speaking. Moving away may be interpreted as rejection. Brazil also uses many forms of non verbal communication. Much of this body language is comprised of culturally derived behaviors. When speaking to one another, it is not normal to take turns speaking. People will interrupt a conversation and will often speak at the same time as their peers. Another verbal communication pattern that Brazil practices is using first names when addressing a person. Also, one’s tone of voice is often high pitched when conversing with one another. Although daily conversation is conducted in a louder voice, it is not meant to express anger or hostility to anybody. In addition, verbal communication in Brazil is viewed as being theatrical and overly animated by other countries who are more reserved. In Brazil, physical appearance and surroundings are important and provide visual cues as to one’s status and tone of conversations. In many Latin countries, communication tends to be predominately oral rather than through written word. However, from the business aspect, when sending something in written format it is usually a good idea to follow up with a phone call or a visit in person. Over the last two decades, the telecom industry world over has grown and evolved at an incredible pace and has significantly changed the way people interact. Brazil Telecom offers long distance telecommunications services hrough some 8,034 million lines and 281,800 public telephones to customers in Brazil. Oi Telecom, formerly known as Telemar is the largest telecommunications company in Brazil, it was established in 2008 and has become the biggest company in Brazil on the Telecommunications sector. This company is present in 4600 cities in Brazil and it has influenced the price drop in the national level of the same services offered by competitors due to strength of its operations in the country. Brazil’s Communication. (2017, Jan 04).

For this part of the assignment you must research a Serious Case Essay

For this part of the assignment you must research a Serious Case Review concerning a child in the UK aged between birth and 16 y - Essay Example The court proceeding were held on 4th August, 2011 and was presided over by Judge Caddick. Child D was born in 2010 in Kent. The child and her mother resided at the same address immediately after birth. Kent County Council had raised concerns of the child even before its birth. The local authority raised fears that the child was not in good hands since her mother was viewed as her child herself. Her mother was under police protection in Surrey County Council but she principally resided in Kent. The only option left in regards to the custody of child was for the child to be taken up by foster parents in a location where they resided. After birth, Child D and the mother stayed under foster care in Kent after which the mother was transferred to police protection in Surrey County Council. However, Child D remained under the care of foster parents in Kent County Council (Family Justice Review, 2011). Kent Count Council had applied for the Custody of the child and they were granted. The ru ling was made in regards to Section 31(1) (a) of the Children Act 1989: â€Å"placing the child with respect to whom the application is made in the care of the designated local authority†. The 4th August, 2011 court ruling was an appeal on the case made by the Surrey County Council. ... At the same time Surrey County Council could not release the mother since she was under protective custody in the address. However, Kent County Council argues that they had the right to grant the child a proper family to enable it to grow in a normal family setting. Additionally, under protective custody the mother was not in the right position to raise the child effectively considering the limitations she had at protected custody (Family Justice Review, 2011). Legally, the case was against the arguments by Surrey County Council as the law stipulates custody should be granted to the local authority which requested for custody and the local authority to which the child was given birth to (Howe, 2009). In this case, the child and her mother were principally residents of Kent County Council and this was enough to grant the local authority custody of child D under the provisions of Section 31(1) (a) of the Children Act 1989. In this particular case, with the mother of child in protected custody and the child at a critical age the case became a serious case review with a lot at stake in regards to the most appropriate decision that would make the child comfortable. In an argument by Mawby (2008) a case concerning a child immediately from birth makes the case critical since its future life will greatly depend on the care it’s given at its first stages of life. The case of custody in regards to local authorities has been provided for by numerous legislations. In the U.K the role authorities in child care and protection is significant as the bodies are given great mandate to determine the status of each and every child in the counties. In the Children Act 1989, Local authorities are given great mandate to claim